英国文化英语论文
Ⅰ 求一篇关于英国文化的英语论文 2000字左右
就是英国文化，包括什么history,
religion
,law
什么什么的，帮我下。。。我的QQ
是916547130。
...希望这篇Bonfire的文章能帮到你。
Bonfire
Night
-
...
Ⅱ 求 有关英国文化的 英语文章。谢啦。。 我要把它做成PPT。
关于Bank Holiday 的介绍，节假日也是文化吧？？另外给你个网址 主要介绍英国文化的：http://www.learnenglish.de/britishculture.htm
What is a bank holiday?
In the United Kingdom and Ireland a bank holiday is a public holiday, when banks and many other businesses are closed for the day.
Bank holidays are often assumed to be so called because they are days upon which banks are shut, but days that banks are shut aren't always bank holidays. For example: Good Friday and Christmas Day are not bank holidays, they are common law' holidays. The dates for bank holidays are set out in statute or are proclaimed by royal decree. The term "bank holiday" was coined by Sir John Lubbock, who felt there was a need to differentiate the two types of holiday.
In England and Wales a bank holiday tends automatically to be a public holiday, so the day is generally observed as a holiday. A number of differences apply to Scotland. For example, Easter Monday is not a bank holiday, and, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday in August in Scotland as opposed to the last elsewhere in the UK.
Top
Origins of bank holidays
Prior to 1834, the Bank of England observed about 33 saints' days and religious festivals as holidays, but in 1834, this was reced to just four: 1 May, 1 November, Good Friday, and Christmas Day.
In 1871, Sir John Lubbock introced the Bank Holidays Act, it introced the concept of holidays with pay and designated four holidays in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and five in Scotland. These were Easter Monday, the first Monday in August, the 26th December, and Whit Monday (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) and New Year's Day, Good Friday, the first Monday in May, the first Monday in August, and Christmas Day (Scotland). In England, Wales and Ireland, Good Friday and Christmas Day were considered traditional days of rest (as were Sundays) and therefore it was felt unnecessary to include them in the Act. The move was such a popular one and there were even suggestions that August Bank Holiday should be called St Lubbock's day!
In Ireland, in 1903, the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act added 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day, as a bank holiday, and in 1926 the Governor of Northern Ireland proclaimed 12 July (Anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne in 1690) as a bank holiday too. This particular holiday is proclaimed annually by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
In 2006, the Scottish Parliament designated St Andrew's Day, November 30, as an official bank holiday in Scotland. But there is no public holiday for St David's Day in Wales, or St George's Day in England.
From 1965 the date of the August bank holiday was changed to the end of the month in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The Whitsun bank holiday (Whit Monday) was replaced by the late spring bank holiday - fixed as the last Monday in May.
Bank holidays today
The Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, is in force today and there are 8 permanent bank and public holidays in England and Wales, 9 in Scotland and 10 in Northern Ireland.
Ireland has the same eight holidays as England and Wales, plus St Patrick's Day and the Anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
In Scotland, since the Scotland Act 1998 Scottish Ministers have the responsibility for setting bank holidays. There are other public or local holidays which can be determined by local authorities, based on local tradition. Since 2007, St Andrew's Day has been an alternative, voluntary public holiday, which can replace an existing local holiday. Businesses and schools are not necessarily closed on Scottish bank holidays, and the Scottish banks only follow the English and Welsh bank holidays for business reasons.
When the usual date of a bank or public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, a 'substitute day' is given, normally the following Monday.
Once upon a time everything shut on a bank holiday; offices, banks, shops, but nowadays many offices and shops remain open, only banks are not allowed to operate on bank holidays. Nowadays, the only day that most things close in the UK is Christmas Day.
Contrary to popular belief, people do not have an absolute right to paid leave on bank and public holidays, instead they are often part of their holiday leave, it depends on the terms of the contract of employment, but many people working on these days do receive extra money, often "time-and-a-half" or even "double time". Sometimes people will get time in lieu, which means they get paid for working and they get an extra days holiday, which they can take at another time.
People employed in essential services like utilities, fire, ambulance, police, health-workers, etc. usually receive extra pay for working on these days.
In spite of the terrible British weather, many people use bank holidays to go away for a long weekend. This means that museums and other public attractions; historic houses, zoos, sports centres, etc. remain open. But it also means that the traffic on British roads can be horrendous, often exaccerbated by essential road works, or engineering work on the railways. According to the RAC an estimated 11 million Britons take to their cars over the spring bank holiday.
Of course with the use of modern technology, most banks' telephone and internet banking services operate 24/7/365 - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, every single day of the year.
Ⅲ 英国文化 英语文章 一千字
近代早期英国国家财政体制散论在16-18世纪中叶英国社会所发生的深刻而广泛的变迁中，国家政权既推动或限制、规nbsp;nbsp;范着社会的变迁，又以自身的性质、职能的转变成为这场社会变迁的重要组成部分。自nbsp;nbsp;16世纪绝对主义王权兴起之后，英国国家政权的统治职能在内涵与外延上都开始发生转nbsp;nbsp;变，17世纪的政治风云更使国家政权的阶级属性和统治方式、管理职能朝着近代化的方nbsp;nbsp;向前进。君主立宪政体的确立使英国土地贵族、工商资本家、金融银行家等各个统治集nbsp;nbsp;团的利益获得了更为充分、更为有效的表达。本文仅就英国国家财政体制在这一时期的nbsp;nbsp;转变和完善作一些探讨，以期能够加深和丰富对近代英国社会变迁的整体认识。nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;一、近代国家税收体系的建立nbsp;nbsp;税收之于一个国家，犹如血液之于生命。在向近代国家转型的过程中，构建具有近代nbsp;nbsp;意义的税收体系对任何一个政府都具有极为重要的作用和意义。一个完整意义上的近代nbsp;nbsp;国家税收体系必须具备公开、公正、有序、有效等诸种不可或缺的特征。所谓公开、公nbsp;nbsp;正，是指国家税收应具有公共事务的性质，必须得到社会成员的认可和认同。所谓有序nbsp;nbsp;、有效，是指国家税收体系运行时的每一环节、过程都应该依照一定的法度，即国民之nbsp;nbsp;意愿而行，国家税收的每一项收入、支出及绩效都要向国民有所交待，接受国民或其代nbsp;nbsp;议机构的核准。这些特征在技术上就体现为制税、收税、用度、审计等多种层次和制度nbsp;nbsp;。这种近代税收体系的建立决定于制度、经济、社会和文化等各种历史和时代因素，也nbsp;nbsp;是国家政权与社会中各个集团、阶层、阶级利益反复角逐、长期斗争的结果。英国之所nbsp;nbsp;以能够在二、三百年间由一个二流国家跃居西欧诸国之首，在很大程度上得益于它较早nbsp;nbsp;地建成了一个相对较完备的国家税收体系。其最大的特征就是由议会控制着整个国家税nbsp;nbsp;收体系的关键：征税大权。nbsp;nbsp;由议会控制、把握征税权，是中世纪晚期西欧英、法、西诸国共有的现象。这是由当nbsp;nbsp;时重建法律和秩序，消除贵族叛乱，驱逐外敌的社会普遍需求所使然。随着时代发展，nbsp;nbsp;每个新兴的民族国家政权极欲获得更多的赋税收入，然而由于各个政府和它的国民相互nbsp;nbsp;作用方式不同，从而形成不同的税收制度。在西班牙，“出于对内乱的厌倦，西班牙的nbsp;nbsp;代议机构卡斯提尔国会将征税管制交给了王权，”在法国，由于“三级会议极欲终止法nbsp;nbsp;国动乱的愿望，使王室不经被统治者的同意便夺取了征税权，造就这一权力的紧张形势nbsp;nbsp;过去之后，这一权力却长久地保留下来”。[1](P149，147)而英国则不同，即或是在绝nbsp;nbsp;对主义君权达顶峰的都铎时代，英国国会尤其是下院仍牢牢地把持着征税大权，都铎君nbsp;nbsp;王们只能依靠其他途径开辟财源，如没收教产加以拍卖。斯图亚特王朝欲强化王权，夺nbsp;nbsp;得征税大权，但遭到国会的顽强抵制。在王权与国会之间所展开的复杂激烈的斗争中，nbsp;nbsp;征税权始终是双方争夺的一个要点。虽然历经内战、复辟等种种磨难，由国会控制征税nbsp;nbsp;大权的原则一直未得改动。直至1688年“光荣革命”发表《民权宣言》规定：王室在议nbsp;nbsp;会规定的税收之外从事征税是非法的，[2](P186)再次确定了国会的征税权。nbsp;nbsp;征税是归王权还是归议会，究竟有何差别及意义呢?笔者以为大体有以下几个方面值得nbsp;nbsp;关注：nbsp;nbsp;其一，从政体层面上看，税权的归属决定了未来国家政体的发展方向。西、法两国王nbsp;nbsp;权由于攫取征税大权而迅速发达起来，建立了对社会经济的全面控制，成为一种不受任nbsp;nbsp;何力量约束的专制王权；这两国中的等级(三级)会议，由于将财权拱手转让给王权，而nbsp;nbsp;使自身“成为国家机器特别是王权的赘疣。结局是可以预见的，三级会议停开了，而王nbsp;nbsp;权却因时移事易不再恢复会议产生前的老样子，国王摆脱了身上的紧箍，开始向专制的nbsp;nbsp;方向大踏步迈进。”[3](P407)道拉斯·诺斯指出“……法国国王所获得的自由的程度nbsp;nbsp;和其英国对手比起来是大相径庭的。这种区别在这两个国家后来两个世纪的经济发展中nbsp;nbsp;产生了重大的影响。”[3](P407)英国国会则因手中一直紧握征税大权，故而成为遏制nbsp;nbsp;王权走向全面专制的重要力量。正是这种力量使得都铎王权的绝对主义统治处于相对有nbsp;nbsp;限、相对薄弱的境地，使得英国国会在一次次与王权的冲突较量中逐步占据上风，不仅nbsp;nbsp;保全了自己的存在，而且也最终确立起立宪君主制政体。nbsp;nbsp;其二，从行政管理层面上看，税权归属也是
Ⅳ 急求：一千字左右nbsp;关于英国的文化历史等方面的论文
近代早期英国国家财政体制散论在16-18世纪中叶英国社会所发生的深刻而广泛的变迁中，国家政权既推动或限制、规nbsp;nbsp;范着社会的变迁，又以自身的性质、职能的转变成为这场社会变迁的重要组成部分。自nbsp;nbsp;16世纪绝对主义王权兴起之后，英国国家政权的统治职能在内涵与外延上都开始发生转nbsp;nbsp;变，17世纪的政治风云更使国家政权的阶级属性和统治方式、管理职能朝着近代化的方nbsp;nbsp;向前进。君主立宪政体的确立使英国土地贵族、工商资本家、金融银行家等各个统治集nbsp;nbsp;团的利益获得了更为充分、更为有效的表达。本文仅就英国国家财政体制在这一时期的nbsp;nbsp;转变和完善作一些探讨，以期能够加深和丰富对近代英国社会变迁的整体认识。nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;一、近代国家税收体系的建立nbsp;nbsp;税收之于一个国家，犹如血液之于生命。在向近代国家转型的过程中，构建具有近代nbsp;nbsp;意义的税收体系对任何一个政府都具有极为重要的作用和意义。一个完整意义上的近代nbsp;nbsp;国家税收体系必须具备公开、公正、有序、有效等诸种不可或缺的特征。所谓公开、公nbsp;nbsp;正，是指国家税收应具有公共事务的性质，必须得到社会成员的认可和认同。所谓有序nbsp;nbsp;、有效，是指国家税收体系运行时的每一环节、过程都应该依照一定的法度，即国民之nbsp;nbsp;意愿而行，国家税收的每一项收入、支出及绩效都要向国民有所交待，接受国民或其代nbsp;nbsp;议机构的核准。这些特征在技术上就体现为制税、收税、用度、审计等多种层次和制度nbsp;nbsp;。这种近代税收体系的建立决定于制度、经济、社会和文化等各种历史和时代因素，也nbsp;nbsp;是国家政权与社会中各个集团、阶层、阶级利益反复角逐、长期斗争的结果。英国之所nbsp;nbsp;以能够在二、三百年间由一个二流国家跃居西欧诸国之首，在很大程度上得益于它较早nbsp;nbsp;地建成了一个相对较完备的国家税收体系。其最大的特征就是由议会控制着整个国家税nbsp;nbsp;收体系的关键：征税大权。nbsp;nbsp;由议会控制、把握征税权，是中世纪晚期西欧英、法、西诸国共有的现象。这是由当nbsp;nbsp;时重建法律和秩序，消除贵族叛乱，驱逐外敌的社会普遍需求所使然。随着时代发展，nbsp;nbsp;每个新兴的民族国家政权极欲获得更多的赋税收入，然而由于各个政府和它的国民相互nbsp;nbsp;作用方式不同，从而形成不同的税收制度。在西班牙，“出于对内乱的厌倦，西班牙的nbsp;nbsp;代议机构卡斯提尔国会将征税管制交给了王权，”在法国，由于“三级会议极欲终止法nbsp;nbsp;国动乱的愿望，使王室不经被统治者的同意便夺取了征税权，造就这一权力的紧张形势nbsp;nbsp;过去之后，这一权力却长久地保留下来”。[1](P149，147)而英国则不同，即或是在绝nbsp;nbsp;对主义君权达顶峰的都铎时代，英国国会尤其是下院仍牢牢地把持着征税大权，都铎君nbsp;nbsp;王们只能依靠其他途径开辟财源，如没收教产加以拍卖。斯图亚特王朝欲强化王权，夺nbsp;nbsp;得征税大权，但遭到国会的顽强抵制。在王权与国会之间所展开的复杂激烈的斗争中，nbsp;nbsp;征税权始终是双方争夺的一个要点。虽然历经内战、复辟等种种磨难，由国会控制征税nbsp;nbsp;大权的原则一直未得改动。直至1688年“光荣革命”发表《民权宣言》规定：王室在议nbsp;nbsp;会规定的税收之外从事征税是非法的，[2](P186)再次确定了国会的征税权。nbsp;nbsp;征税是归王权还是归议会，究竟有何差别及意义呢?笔者以为大体有以下几个方面值得nbsp;nbsp;关注：nbsp;nbsp;其一，从政体层面上看，税权的归属决定了未来国家政体的发展方向。西、法两国王nbsp;nbsp;权由于攫取征税大权而迅速发达起来，建立了对社会经济的全面控制，成为一种不受任nbsp;nbsp;何力量约束的专制王权；这两国中的等级(三级)会议，由于将财权拱手转让给王权，而nbsp;nbsp;使自身“成为国家机器特别是王权的赘疣。结局是可以预见的，三级会议停开了，而王nbsp;nbsp;权却因时移事易不再恢复会议产生前的老样子，国王摆脱了身上的紧箍，开始向专制的nbsp;nbsp;方向大踏步迈进。”[3](P407)道拉斯·诺斯指出“……法国国王所获得的自由的程度nbsp;nbsp;和其英国对手比起来是大相径庭的。这种区别在这两个国家后来两个世纪的经济发展中nbsp;nbsp;产生了重大的影响。”[3](P407)英国国会则因手中一直紧握征税大权，故而成为遏制nbsp;nbsp;王权走向全面专制的重要力量。正是这种力量使得都铎王权的绝对主义统治处于相对有nbsp;nbsp;限、相对薄弱的境地，使得英国国会在一次次与王权的冲突较量中逐步占据上风，不仅nbsp;nbsp;保全了自己的存在，而且也最终确立起立宪君主制政体。nbsp;nbsp;其二，从行政管理层面上看，税权归属也是 查看原帖>>
Ⅳ 高分求用英文介绍英国文化的文章
1,英国式幽默的介绍
Humor
It is difficult to make generalizations about humor ring the Renaissance because the kinds of things that provoked laughter varied by country, language, and social class. In all parts of Europe, however, laughter was considered an important—even essential—part of life. Scholars often quoted the words of the ancient Greek philosopher ARISTOTLE, who described man as a being capable of laughter. Scholars of drama, medicine, and rhetoric* discussed the nature of humor and laughter. In the fields of drama and fiction, the Renaissance proced some of the greatest comic writers ever.
Humor on the Stage. Comedy played a major role in both formal and informal performances throughout the Renaissance. Renaissance festivals often featured comic performances that made a mockery of the established social order. The most important of these festivals was Carnival, a period of revelry before the sober days of Lent (the 40 weekdays leading up to Easter). Carnival festivities in all parts of Europe included comic plays. French celebrations involved "fools' plays," known as sotties, while Polish events included crude comedies in a realistic style. Songs with mocking or obscene lyrics also formed a part of some Carnival events.
Some early plays featured political humor. The French king Louis XII encouraged political comedies because they helped him to learn what was going on in the state. Other comedies based their humor on stock characters and themes, such as a cheating wife deceiving her dim-witted husband. Although most of these early farces* were penned by unnamed authors, a few well-known poets wrote in this style in France and England. In Italy, a kind of farce called COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE developed in the 1500s. Commedia dell'arte also involved standard character types caught in typical situations. This style of drama featured physical action and broad comedy, with plots ranging from the fairly realistic to the wildly fantastic. Humanist* comedies provided a more intellectual alternative to farce. Humanists of the Renaissance imitated the comedies of the ancient Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence. This classical* style of comedy arose in Italy and spread across Europe. The Italian statesman and author Niccolò MACHIAVELLI proced an obscene comedy called The Mandrake Root that is widely viewed as a masterpiece. Another brilliant work in this style is Ralph Roister Doister, by the English playwright Nicolas Udall.
In addition to staged performances, humor had a regular place at royal and noble courts in the person of the fool, or jester. Dressed in a costume that featured a cap with bells on it, the fool was the one person at the court allowed to ridicule everyone and everything. Fools appeared often as characters in literary works, such as the plays of William SHAKESPEARE. However, the fool's function was not always strictly comical. In many works, he served more to instruct than to amuse.
Humor on the Page. Like the drama of the period, literature of the 1400s and 1500s was largely comic. Renaissance humanists frequently gathered humorous material from classical Greek and Roman literature. They particularly enjoyed collecting short Latin works called facetiae, which could be jokes, serious stories, riddles, or moral fables. Humanists usually did not explain why they chose particular stories for their joke collections. Some, including the Italian poet PETRARCH, drew heavily on the ideas of the ancient Roman writer CICERO about what was funny.
Humanists also enjoyed creating their own humor—especially for the purpose of satire*. The Dutch scholar Desiderius ERASMUS was particularly good at using humor in his satire. One of his funniest works, "The Abbot* and the Learned Lady," ends with the laughter of the witty, ecated lady who has outsmarted the rude, ignorant churchman. German and French humanists of the 1500s proced some extremely funny works of satire by writing mock letters in deliberately bad Latin.
Other Renaissance writers turned to verse for their comedy. One of the Italian comic writers' favorite forms was the mock epic*, a takeoff on a highly respected literary form. The famous poem Orlando Furioso (Mad Roland), by the Italian poet Ludovico ARIOSTO, contains elements of the mock epic style. Another well-known mock epic is The Chess Game by Jan Kochanowski, Poland's most famous Renaissance poet. Poets in England or France do not appear to have used this style, but they did mock the conventions* of other poetic forms. For example, Petrarch had set certain standards for love poetry that involved praising the beloved in extravagant terms. Later writers made fun of Petrarch's style, as in Shakespeare's well-known sonnet "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun."
Humor appeared in both long and short fiction works ring the Renaissance. Miguel de CERVANTES of Spain and François RABELAIS of France incorporated humor in novels that are still widely read today. Most French comic authors wrote shorter stories, often inspired by Italian sources. For example, MARGARET OF NAVARRE based several comic stories in her Heptameron on the famous Decameron (1353) by Italian author Giovanni BOCCACCIO. Some French stories, such as the collection How to Succeed, by Béroalde de Verville (written around 1612), were highly obscene.
In England one popular form of humor was the "jest," a very short story with a punch line (much like a modern joke). Writers collected these comic stories into jestbooks, which were similar to the Italian collections of facetiae. Jestbooks also became popular in Germany in the late 1500s, and some examples appeared in Spain and Italy.
Humor in the Visual Arts. The comic elements found in Renaissance literature also appeared in the art of the period. Art often used humor to deliver moral or religious messages. During the Protestant Reformation*, Protestant leaders put out illustrated pamphlets that portrayed their enemies as animals or showed the devil playing a Catholic monk like a musical instrument. However, not all humorous art had a moral message. In the late 1520s artist Giulio Romano painted a room at a palace in Mantua with lifelike figures of giants who appear to be pulling down the walls and pillars of the room. This witty style of illusion, known as trompe l'oeil (fool the eye), was very popular at the time.
In the early 1500s, artists began painting in a style known as grotesque, based on ancient Roman wall paintings. Grotesques often portray humans and animals in a fantastic manner, with leaves, flowers, and curly lines where arms and legs should be. The famous Italian artist MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI created several works in this style. Many grotesques still exist on the walls of museums and Italian palaces. Humor also found its way into Renaissance sculpture. The Boboli Gardens of Florence, Italy, built in the 1500s, contain such comic statues as a fat dwarf sitting on a turtle.
2,英国街头文化
Hip hop is a cultural movement that developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among Black Americans and Latino Americans. It was DJ Afrika Bambaataa that outlined the five pillars of hip-hop culture: MCing, DJing, breaking, graffiti writing, and knowledge。Other elements include beatboxing, hip hop fashion, and slang. Since first emerging in the Bronx, the lifestyle of hip hop culture has spread around the world。 When hip hop music began to emerge, it was based around disc jockeys who created rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables. This was later accompanied by "rapping" (a rhythmic style of chanting) and beatboxing, a vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and various technical effects of hip hop DJs. An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among followers of this new music. These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the course of the history of the culture.
Musicologists often identify the following characteristics as typical of the pop music genre:
a focus on the indivial song or singles, rather than on extended works or albums
an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology
an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal "artistic" qualities
an emphasis on recording, proction, and technology, over live performance
a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments
The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure. Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse.The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment.The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions.
Pop music is a music genre that developed from the mid-1950s as a softer alternative to rock 'n' roll and later to rock music. It has a focus on commercial recording, often orientated towards a youth market, usually through the medium of relatively short and simple love songs. While these basic elements of the genre have remained fairly constant, pop music has absorbed influences from most other forms of popular music, particularly borrowing from the development of rock music, and utilizing key technological innovations to proce new variations on existing themes.
3,英国古典文化
哥特式
Gothicismus, Gothism, or Gothicism (Swedish: Göticism) is the name given to what is considered to have been a cultural movement in Sweden. The founders of the movement were Nicolaus Ragvaldi, the brothers Johannes Magnus, Olaus Magnus and Olof Rudbeck d.ä.. They all held the belief that the Goths had originally lived in Sweden. This belief continued to hold power in the 17th century, when Sweden was a great power following the Thirty Years' War, but lost most of its sway in the 18th. It was revitalized by national romanticism in the early 19th century, this time with the vikings as heroic figures.
The name is derived from Jordanes's account of the Gothic urheimat in Scandinavia (Scandza), and the Gothicists in Sweden believed that the Goths had originated from Sweden. Some scholars in Denmark also attempted to identify the Goths with the Jutes, however, these ideas did not lead to the same widespread cultural movement in the Danish society as it did in the Swedish. In contrast with the Swedes, the Danes of this era did not forward claims to political legitimacy based on assertions that their country was the original homeland of the Goths and that the conquest of the Roman Empire was proof of their own country's military valor and power through history
The Gothicismus movement took pride in the Gothic tradition that the Ostrogoths and their king Theodoric the Great who assumed power in the Roman Empire had Scandinavian ancestry. This pride was expressed as early as the medieval chronicles, where chroniclers wrote about the Goths as the ancestors of the Scandinavians, and it permeated the writings of the Swedish writer Johannes Magnus (Historia de omnibus gothorum seonumque regibus) and his brother Olaus Magnus (Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus). Both works had a large impact on contemporary scholarship in Sweden.
During the 17th century, Danes and Swedes competed for the collection and publication of Iceland manuscripts, Norse sagas, and the two Eddas. In Sweden, the Icelandic manuscripts became part of an origin myth and were seen as proof that the greatness and heroism of the old Geats had been passed down through the generations to the current population. This pride culminated in the publication of Olaus Rudbeck's Atland eller Manheim (1679–1702), where he claimed that Sweden was identical to Atlantis.
维多利亚风格
Victorian fashion comprises the various fashions and trends in British culture that emerged and grew in prominence throughout the Victorian era and the reign of Victoria, a period which would last from June 1837 to January 1901. Covering nearly two thirds of the 19th century, the 63 year reign would see numerous changes in fashion. These changes would include, but not be limited to, changes in clothing, architecture, literature, and the decorative and visual arts.
Varieties of Victorian architecture：
Styles conceived in the Victorian era
British Arts and Crafts movement
Instrial architecture
Painted Ladies
Queen Anne (Stick-Eastlake)
Second Empire
Jacobethan (the precursor to the Queen Anne style)
Neo-Grec
Renaissance Revival
Romanesque Revival (includes Richardsonian Romanesque)
[edit] Other movements popularized in the period
While not uniquely Victorian, and part of revivals that began before the era, these styles are strongly associated with the Victorian era e to the large number of examples that were erected in that period
Gothic Revival
Italianate
Neoclassicism
爵位分类：
Peers are of five ranks, in descending order of hierarchy:
Duke comes from the Latin x, leader. Created in 1337.
Marquess comes from the French marquis, which is a derivative of marche or march. This is a reference to the English borders ("marches") with Wales and Scotland, a relationship more evident in the feminine form: Marchioness. Created in 1385.
Earl comes from the Old English or Anglo-Saxon eorl, a military leader. The meaning may have been affected by the Old Norse jarl, meaning free-born warrior or nobleman, ring the Danelaw, thus giving rise to the modern sense. Since there was no feminine Old English or Old Norse equivalent for the term, "Countess" is used (an Earl is analogous to the Continental count), from the Latin comes. Created circa 800-1000.
Viscount comes from the Latin vicecomes, vice-count. Created in 1440.
Baron comes from the Old Germanic baro, freeman. Created in 1066.
In Scotland, the fifth rank is called a Lord of Parliament, as Barons are holders of feudal dignities, not peers. Baronets, while holders of hereditary titles, are not peers. Knights, Dames, and holders of other non-hereditary British honors are also not peers.
For peers, the various titles are in the form of (Rank) (Name of Title) or (Rank) of (Name of Title). The name of the title can either be a place name or a surname. The precise usage depends on the rank of the peerage and on certain other general considerations. Dukes always use of. Marquesses and Earls whose titles are based on place names normally use of, while those whose titles are based on surnames normally do not. Viscounts, Barons and Lords of Parliament do not use of. However, there are several exceptions to the rule. For instance, Scottish vicecomital titles theoretically include of, though in practice it is usually dropped. (Thus, the "Viscount of Falkland" is commonly known as the "Viscount Falkland".)
4,英国概述
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state consisting of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.It is governed by a parliamentary system with its seat of government in London, the capital, but with three devolved national administrations in Belfast, Cardiff and Edinburgh, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively. The Channel Island liwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man are Crown Dependencies and not part of the UK.The UK has fourteen overseas territories, all remnants of the British Empire, which at its height in 1922 encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface, the largest empire in history. British influence can continue to be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies.
The UK is a developed country, with the world's sixth largest economy by nominal GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity。 It was the world's first instrialised country and the world's foremost power ring the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global affairs. The UK nevertheless remains a major power with strong economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. It is a nuclear power and has the fourth highest defence spending in the world. It is a Member State of the European Union, holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, G8, OECD, NATO, and the World Trade Organization.
你说的每一项都写得挺少的
写不下了，也不知道够不，留一下邮箱，我可以继续补充
Ⅵ 英语论文 浅析《哈利波特》中英国贵族文化 怎么写啊
我认为，马尔福家族实际上就是一条暗线，是JK在HP中对英国贵族的讽刺。他们看上去似乎有良好的教养，精致的面容，苍白的皮肤，金发灰眼，血统高贵，拥有权利和金钱，蔑视混血和麻瓜。另外还有不可一世和傲慢自大。认为他们不是真正意义上的食死徒。卢修斯只是认同伏地魔的血统论调，纳西莎是身不由己，而德拉科只是一个孩子。这些从书中很多地方都能看到。
所以，培养一个贵族的确很难，但是也同样可笑。只是一副虚假的皮囊。
你可以稍微看看一篇HP亲世代同人文：《纯白年代》。或许会对你的论文有所帮助。
Ⅶ 急需关于英国美国文化，语言，文学方面的论文（英文版）
你可以从以下几个方面着手：
1.•the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England:
回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
• Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England, Wales and Scotland.
• England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United Kingdom.
• The U.K. includes England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom is.
• The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland.
• They are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.
• The reputation of the Scots: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with money. (In the past, they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.)
• their distinctive national dress: kilt
• Bagpipes
• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent .
2宗教：
回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the Pope. All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the Bible. Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy”.
• In the Middle Ages, the Popes was extremely powerful. In the 16th century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by Catholics.
• The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the Reformation. As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic Church. In Britain, Protestantism graally became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan age.
• Christianity:
refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus Christ. It was founded in the 1st century in Palestine. Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of Christianity. In Europe, Christianity is divided into three major groups. Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教).
3.学校的不同：
回答：British Ecaion
• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for universities. They are supported entirely by fees and private funs.
• The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today, since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.
• “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today, because far from being public, public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.
• Some people feel, the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government, the armed forces, the church, t he universities, the professions, and even in business. They say, this proves the superiority of a public school ecation.
• It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English ecation.
• In England, parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public schools.
• Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton, Harrow and Rugby.
• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools, they are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public schools.
• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, and there is a distinctive boarding atmosphere. At the age of thirteen, the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”.
• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, since its main target is not the “eleven plus,” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13, for admission to a public schools.
• The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to be.
• Firstly, their perfect system, their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools, and ,many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might envy.
• Secondly, many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government, in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reced fees or none at all.
• Thirdly, all public schools too, except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspected by the State.
• There is thus a graal progress away from exclusiveness in British ecation.
• Oxford University was founded in the twelfth century. It contains about thirty separate colleges.
• Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth century. It contains about twenty separate colleges.
• There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. They are St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh.
• London University has far more students than any other British universities.
• “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in Britain.
• “red brick” describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and Cambridge.
• The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial system.
• The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college ring at least part of their course. The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take place.
• The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own room.
• Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher ecation for economic or social reasons. It is open to everybody, and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other universities. It is non-residential. Lectures are broadcast on TV and radio. At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university degree.
4.• The Welfare State
回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure, as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over —large families.
• 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or sick.
• 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health Service.
• 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum standard.
the retirement pension
• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of 60.
• 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first, but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger pension.
• 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are working.
• 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement pensions.
Family allowances
• (1) They are paid directly out of public
money contributed by taxpayers.
• (2) For the first child of a family, nothing
is paid, but an allowance is made for all
children after the first.
• (3) The payments continue until a child
leaves school and are subject to income tax.
• (4) There are special payments for widows
who have children;payments continue
until a child leaves school and are
subject to income tax.
• (5) There are special payments for widows
who have children.
"meals on wheels"
• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own cars.
• "meals on wheels"
(1) It is a kind of unpaid service
voluntarily performed by public-
spirited people.
(2) Meals are distributed to infirm old
people in old peoples' homes by
women who belong to voluntary
organizations, using their own cars.
• The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest grade.
• "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under supervision.
• the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their time. They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their time.
3.
Ⅷ 求一篇关于英国文化的英语论文。是用英语写的论文。1000字
关于历史方面的，希望对你有用
寻找崇祯吊死的那棵树
四月初的太阳照着北京城，暖融融的，懒洋洋的。这是世纪初的北京――公元2001年的四月初，就是在这样一个上午，我又一次来到故宫后面的景山公园。
又一次来绝不是因为这里多少景致没看够。相反，这里其实没有多少景致可看，尤其是置身于这周边的风景名胜中――正南是故宫，西边是北海，而这里则只是一座土山，几个亭子，她根本没有多少值得夸耀的地方。又一次来是因为有件东西上次过眼太匆匆，没有细细品味。
这件东西就是那棵树，崇祯吊死的那棵树。
那棵树其实仅仅是一种象征――在土丘一般的景山东南下方，立着一株歪脖子槐树，上挂一牌――“崇祯吊死煤山处”。自然，没有几个人会相信这就是崇祯吊死的那棵树，因为这棵碗口粗的歪脖子树最多不过三、四十年树龄的样子，而自1644年崇祯皇帝自缢到现在，差三年就满甲申年的第六个轮回了。如果那棵树还长着，该是多么让人感慨万千。面对它，会让人感受到岁月的无情和苍老！
我在那棵树前徘徊了好一阵子，随后就拾级而上，在景山顶处的万寿亭坐了下来。故宫就在前方，强烈的阳光使我不得不眯起眼睛――正前方是从天安门甬道到故宫博物院出口的中轴线，这样一看，故宫恰似一本摊开的历史书。
那是个风雨飘摇、大厦将倾的甲申年。三月十八日，势如破竹的李自成农民军攻破了崇祯的最后一道堡垒――北京皇城。明崇祯帝朱由检在逼死后妃、剑砍长公主后，踉踉跄跄地从紫禁城里走了出来，跑到这后面的煤山上，望着四处燃起的烽烟，一壶酒一直喝到红日坠去，星光临天。随后他在一棵树的枝杈间用丝带打了个结，告诉身边太监：他痛失江山，无脸见祖宗，死后要以发覆面。随后就上吊而死。
崇祯之死有着不同凡响的意义。他的死，不仅仅在于一个王朝不可逆转的灭亡，更在于一个可能忽略的事实：随着清王朝的入主中原，以一种野蛮落后的孔武粗陋接管一个文明熟透同时也是腐烂的国度，科技文化的因子受到严重窒息，人文精神的嫩芽受到百般摧残，领先世界两三千年的华夏文明几乎止住了脚步，开始落后于西方。
国家与民族永远绑在一起
在西方，在崇祯皇帝上吊五年以后，英国斯图亚特王朝的查理一世也走上了穷途末路。十七世纪四十年代，可以说是东西方世界一个极其重要的年代――在这之前的几个世纪里，西方经过人文主义的大觉醒和科技的大进步，东西方基本上形成了一个不甚偏倚的天平。而随着明朝的灭亡及满清的入关，世界的天平失衡了。
亡国先亡天下
对崇祯的死，包括不少史学家在内――众多的人抱有同情之心。同情什么？同情他的身世，同情他的结局。虽励精图治却无力回天，国运已经明显不行，苦苦支撑仍力不从心，正如他所说：朕非亡国之君，而事事皆亡国之象。自然，同情崇祯的背后隐藏对一个国家和民族没落的悲叹。
崇祯皇帝在位十七年，然而他同中国的所有皇帝都不一样，从他登基第一天起，国家大厦将倾、分崩离析的事儿就接连不断地折磨着他，照史家的说法，他十七年里励精图治，企图中兴振作，但终是无力回天。国人对于亡国之君的印象是商纣王、秦二世、陈后主、隋炀帝、宋徽宗之类的主儿，这些人或残暴无情，或荒淫无耻，或昏庸无道，或懦弱无能，不亡没有道理；退一步讲，如果亡在他的祖辈万历皇帝朱翊钧――这个人懒惰得二十多年不理朝政，亡倒也亡了；如果亡在他的兄长天启皇帝朱由校――这个人重用太监大搞特务政治，却在皇宫里对自己的土木手艺手舞足蹈乐此不疲，亡倒也亡了。亡国之君的名义最终落在了崇祯皇帝身上，确实有些“不公平”。于是，史家的观点是：崇祯是在为万历和天启两代皇帝充当亡国之君的替罪羊。
中国历史上的腐朽黑暗时代人们历历可数，最腐朽黑暗的我认为应该是在崇祯之前的天启年间。为什么？为一个活人造生祠，这本来就有些出格了，况且这个活人是个流氓无赖起家的阉人；这还罢了，建祠的档次竟还要同“万世师表”的孔子比肩！建祠的位置更是显赫得无以复加，在美丽的杭州西子湖，阉人的生祠建在岳飞墓和关公庙之间，让一位过路的士人忍不住要长叹一声！但这一声长叹的代价却是惨遭毒打，身首异处。全国各地都掀起了一场声势浩大为其造生祠的“高潮”，如开封甚至扒了两千间民房建起一座气势宏大的生祠，有不少地方为建生祠还拆了学堂和其他庙宇。这个阉人魏忠贤的最大功绩在哪里？那就是伺候好了皇上，是皇上最好的奴才！更可悲的还在于一个国家和民族，在尚勇乏智的东林党人前仆后继但都一一惨败后，熟读圣人书的人们开始选择沉默，而相当多的选择了拍马逢迎。试想，有那么多的当官为政者情愿甘当一个阉人的鹰犬，甚至干儿干孙，朝野充斥着大量“五虎”、“五彪”、“十狗”以及“干儿义孙”之类腌渣杂碎，朝政的风气已经无耻到何等地步？读到这一页历史，三百多年后还让我们为民族里这样一群人的丑陋、虚伪、凶恶、嚣张与软弱感到耻辱，而这些事情真可谓世界文明史上的咄咄怪事！
崇祯就是接手这样的一个烂摊子，但他以十七岁的小小年纪，驱逐客魏，剪除阉党，整肃吏治，却显得干净利索，手段老到，深得一个国家的期望。当时，许多士人和百姓都觉得大明朝已峰回路转，将开始新的复兴了。
然而，烂摊子毕竟是烂摊子，并且这个烂摊子已到了烂透了的地步――二十余年荒怠异常的弊政，尤其是后来天启年间的腐朽加黑暗，大明朝其实正在滑向无尽的深渊，以至于朱由检从接手皇位的那天起，就感觉到屁股下面不是舒舒服服的龙椅，而是一座正喷薄着愤怒与仇恨的火山口。崇祯元年，饿殍遍野的陕西已燃起饥民起义的星星之火，而更大的农民风暴正在酝酿。而长城关外的东北，后金贵族早已崛起，努尔哈赤的子孙正虎视眈眈觊觎着关内的大明朝――在他们的眼中，大明朝无疑于圈养的无数肥壮牛羊等待着他们去宰割，去分享。内忧外患，一边像蔓延而来的大火，另一边又像呼啸而来的大潮，这就是崇祯帝朱由检接手是的窘况，并且随着时间的推移，形势愈加地严峻。朱由检不由地先乱了阵脚，继而手足失措，继而焦头烂额。可以说，忧心忡忡的心态一直贯穿着崇祯帝在位的十七年。
后人们在评述崇祯帝时，大多认为其痛失江山的一个致命之处在于两个字：多疑。多疑使他在用人前后难以一贯始终，多疑使他难以容忍失败，多疑使他变得格外苛求，多疑更使他自毁长城。人们看到，无论是防御后金的边塞还是镇压农民起义军的将领们，都竟如走马灯一般调换。人们看到，类似袁崇焕这样出色的将领不是死在疆场上，而是死在大明朝自己的刑场上；人们还看到，崇祯帝在洗涤魏忠贤的阉党集团后，多疑使他最终启用的不少人竟还是阉人，只不过换成了自己亲信的阉人而已。
崇祯帝为什么多疑？我想，这是应该予以充分思考的东西。
Ⅸ 求一篇2000字的关于英国文化的英语论文 。。
希望这篇Bonfire的文章能帮到你。
Bonfire Night - November 5th
This popular British rhyme is often spoken on Bonfire Night, in memory of the Gunpowder Plot:
Remember, remember the 5th of November
Gunpowder, treason and plot.
I see no reason that gunpowder treason
Should ever be forgot.
The smell of gunpowder smoke and the snap and crackle of bonfires will fill the capital in the run up to Bonfire Night. Thousands of revellers will line London's parks to "ooh" and "aah" as the city explodes into colour, in remberance of Guy Fawkes (Guido Fawkes) and his foiled plot to blow up Parliament and the King in 1605.
Guy Fawkes was born in Yorkshire in 1570. A convert to the Catholic faith, Fawkes had been a soldier who had spent several years fighting in Italy. It was ring this period that he adopted the name Guido (Italian for Guy) perhaps to impress the ladies!
'Guy Fawkes Day' also known as 'Bonfire Night' or 'Fireworks Night' by some, marks the date, November 5, 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to kill King James I and the Members of Parliament and to blow up the Houses of Parliament.
This conspiracy arose as a reaction to the persecution of Catholics under the rule of King James, a Protestant. Infuriated by the failure of King James, the son of the passionately Catholic Mary Queen of Scots, to grant more toleration to Catholics. Four other Catholics joined with Fawkes in his plans including Robert Catesby. Catesby made a fatal error and invited other Catholics to join the plot until there were 60 plotters in all, you try keeping a secret when 60 people know about it.
Thomas Percy rented a cellar beneath the Palace of Westminster and 36 barrels of gunpowder were placed in the cellars of the Houses of Parliament. But Francis Tresham betrayed the conspiracy in a letter to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle, warning him not to attend parliament. Monteagle told the government and Fawkes was caught red handed in the cellars under Parliament, with a box of matches in his pocket and a guilty expression on his face! His fellow conspirators fled but many were killed or arrested and 9 members of the 60+ plotters, including Fawkes, were hung, drawn and quartered in January 1606.
Comedians down the ages have said that he was "The only man ever to have entered Parliament with honest intentions."
In London, bonfires were lit to celebrate the discovery of the plot soon after Fawkes was discovered and In 1606 Parliament agreed to make 5th November a day of public thanksgiving and ever since then the day has been celebrated with fireworks and bonfires. However, it is not a public holiday.
November 5 and any other day appointed for church bells to be rung is also called Ringing Day. On this day bells are rung by order of Parliament to mark the deliverance of the King and his government at the exposure of the Gunpowder Plot. It is customary to give the ringers money and drinks.
Children used to make stuffed figures with masks as effigies of Guy Fawkes. They would call these figures guys and display them in the streets, using the traditional formula of "A penny for the guy" when asking passersby for money (which was spent on fireworks or wood for the bonfire). The guys then became the centre-piece of bonfires on the night of November 5 when fireworks light up the sky over most of Britain. But this practice has died out in recent years. The fear of strangers, the fact that children are not allowed to buy fireworks and the negative association with begging, have all but put and end to it.
Many people still hold bonfire parties and BBQs (even though it is usually really cold) and invite their friends to gather around the fire with them. However, because of the rising number of accidents that occur every year many communities hold professionally organised public displays. Some of the venues for these public bonfires are in parks, fields, and on hills.
Some of the traditional food eaten at this time of year includes:-
Sausages (called bangers), a good hearty soup, baked potatoes, bonfire toffee, toffee apples and parkin - a sweet, sticky cake.
New laws were introced to control the use of fireworks in 2004 with an £80 on-the-spot fine for anyone caught breaking them. They include:-
* It is an offence for any person under the age of 18 to possess alt fireworks in a public place (all fireworks except sparklers and party poppers).
* It is an offence to possess category 4 fireworks (professional display fireworks) unless you are a licenced pyrotechnics professional.
* It is an offence to supply fireworks to anyone under the age of 18.
* It is an offence to use fireworks between 11 pm and 7 am apart from:
- November 5th – until 12 midnight;
- New Years Eve – until 1 am;
- Chinese New Year – until 1 am;
- Diwali night – until 1 am.
* It is an offence for any person to throw, cast or fire any firework into any highway, street, thoroughfare or public place.
One of the largest organised events in the UK is the Bridgwater Carnival in Bridgwater, Somerset dating back to the 1605 gunpowder plot. The procession is held each year on the Thursday nearest to November 5. It is an illuminated procession that takes about two hours to pass with over 130 entries made by various local carnival clubs. After the carnival, an annual squibbing display is held along the Bridgwater High Street when over 100 squibs (small fireworks) are set off simultaneously.
Another famous event is held in Lewes (see above), but even though it's the town's most famous event people from outside the area are actively discouraged from attending because it is so dangerous. To mark the demise of 17 protestant martyrs, who were burnt at the stake in front of the Star Inn, now the Town Hall; 17 burning crosses are carried through the town, and a wreath-laying ceremony occurs at the War Memorial in the centre of town. Ladies' and men's races which involve pulling flaming tar barrels "the barrel run", take place along Cliffe High Street at the start of the evening. A flaming tar barrel is also thrown into the river Ouse; which is said to symbolise the throwing of the magistrates into the river after they read the Riot Act to the bonfire boys in 1847. The festivities culminate in five separate bonfire displays, where the effigies are destroyed by firework and flame. Up to 80,000 people have been known to attend this local spectacle, coming from all over the South and sometimes further afield.