emc论文
① 电子电路设计方向研究生论文题目有哪些
硕士生的论文题目多是从实际的工程问题而来。可能是一个数据采集加控制系统，伴随着EMC的问题。而这些问题的解决往往有软件算法来完成。
所以你选择题目的出发点是看看导师在从事哪方面的科研课题，以及这些课题的经费支持情况。在实际问题中找题目来做。并通过在论文过程中，培养自己的科研能力（查找资料、理论分析、实验动手、论文表述），再其次在专业领域提高自己的水平（比如单片机软件编程、FPGA应用等）。
② 哪位好心人能帮我找一篇关于EMC(电磁兼容)的英文文章
不知道你需要电磁兼容哪方面的
http://www.compliance-club.com/
可以提供一些免费的文章下载
自己找找你所需要的。
③ 测控技术与仪器专业想要超EMC检测方向发展应该具备什么专业知识应该看
测控技术与仪器就业方向：
本专业的毕业生大多就业于航天航空、兵器、机械、电子、能源、化工、通讯、交通等众多国防科技及国民经济建设领域的研究院所和企业，从事现代测控系统的研究设计、制造、应用工作。
测
控技术与仪器专业以光、机、电、计算机一体化为特色，培养具有现代科学创新意识、知识面宽、基础理论扎实、计算机和外语能力强，可从事计算机应用、电子信
息、智能仪器、虚拟仪器、测量与控制等多领域的产品设计制造、科技开发、应用研究、企业管理等多方面的高级工程技术及经营管理人才。同时因为他们专业知识
面宽广，具有很强的适应能力和广泛的发展空间，也可从事计量、测试、控制工程、智能仪器仪表、计算机软件和硬件等高新技术领域的设计、制造、开发和应用等
工作，转行比较容易。
培养目标：
本专业培养掌握测量与控制理论知识，具备现代测控系统设计制造及应用能力，能在国防及国民经济各部门从事现代测控系统设计制造、应用研究、运行管理等方面的高级工程技术人才。
培养意义：测控技术与仪器专业专业学生主要学习精密仪器的光学、机械与电子学基础理论，测量与控制理论和有关测控仪器的设计方法，受到现代测控技术和仪器应用的训练，具有本专业测控技术及仪器系统的应用及设计开发能力。
毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力：
1. 具有较扎实的自然科学基础，较好的人文、艺术和社会科学基础及正确运用本国语言、文字的表达能力；
2. 较系统地掌握本专业领域宽广的技术理论基础知识，主要包括机械学、电工电子学、光学、传感器技术、测量与控制、市场经济及企业管理等基础知识；
3. 掌握光、机、电、计算机相结合的当代测控技术和实验研究能力，具有现代测控系统与仪器的设计、开发能力；
4. 具有较强的外语应用能力；
5. 具有较强的自学能力、创新意识和较高的综合素质。
主干学科：仪器科学与技术。
主要课程：电工学、电子技术基础、传感器原理及应用、微机原理及应用、控制工程基础、信号与测试系统、智能机械设计、数字化测控技术、精密仪器设计、测控电路设计、智能仪器设计、微机电系统。
实践教学：包括军训、金工、电工、电子实习，认识实习，生产实习，社会实践，课程设计，毕业设计（论文）等，一般应安排40周以上。
④ 有关大数据的论文 急 在线等！！！
大数据是指无法在一定时间内用常规软件工具对其内容进行抓取、管理和处理的数据集合。大数据技术，是指从各种各样类型的数据中，快速获得有价值信息的能力。适用于大数据的技术，包括大规模并行处理（MPP）数据库，数据挖掘电网，分布式文件系统，分布式数据库，云计算平台，互联网，和可扩展的存储系统。
大数据有四个基本特征：一、数据体量巨大(Vomule)，二、数据类型多样(Variety)，三、处理速度快(Velocity)，四、价值密度低(Value)。
在大数据的领域现在已经出现了非常多的新技术，这些新技术将会是大数据收集、存储、处理和呈现最强有力的工具。大数据处理一般有以下几种关键性技术:大数据采集、大数据预处理、大数据存储及管理、大数据分析及挖掘、大数据展现和应用(大数据检索、大数据可视化、大数据应用、大数据安全等)。
大数据处理之一：采集。大数据的采集是指利用多个数据库来接收发自客户端（Web、App或者传感器形式等）的数据，并且用户可以通过这些数据库来进行简单的查询和处理工作。比如，电商会使用传统的关系型数据库MySQL和Oracle等来存储每一笔事务数据，除此之外，Redis和MongoDB这样的NoSQL数据库也常用于数据的采集。
在大数据的采集过程中，其主要特点和挑战是并发数高，因为同时有可能会有成千上万的用户来进行访问和操作，比如火车票售票网站和淘宝，它们并发的访问量在峰值时达到上百万，所以需要在采集端部署大量数据库才能支撑。并且如何在这些数据库之间进行负载均衡和分片的确是需要深入的思考和设计。
大数据处理之二：导入和预处理。虽然采集端本身会有很多数据库，但是如果要对这些海量数据进行有效的分析，还是应该将这些来自前端的数据导入到一个集中的大型分布式数据库，或者分布式存储集群，并且可以在导入基础上做一些简单的清洗和预处理工作。也有一些用户会在导入时使用来自Twitter的Storm来对数据进行流式计算，来满足部分业务的实时计算需求。
导入与预处理过程的特点和挑战主要是导入的数据量大，每秒钟的导入量经常会达到百兆，甚至千兆级别。
大数据处理之三：统计和分析。统计与分析主要利用分布式数据库，或者分布式计算集群来对存储于其内的海量数据进行普通的分析和分类汇总等，以满足大多数常见的分析需求，在这方面，一些实时性需求会用到EMC的GreenPlum、Oracle的Exadata，以及基于MySQL的列式存储Infobright等，而一些批处理，或者基于半结构化数据的需求可以使用Hadoop。
统计与分析这部分的主要特点和挑战是分析涉及的数据量大，其对系统资源，特别是I/O会有极大的占用。
大数据处理之四：挖掘。与前面统计和分析过程不同的是，数据挖掘一般没有什么预先设定好的主题，主要是在现有数据上面进行基于各种算法的计算，从而起到预测（Predict）的效果，从而实现一些高级别数据分析的需求。比较典型算法有用于聚类的Kmeans、用于统计学习的SVM和用于分类的NaiveBayes，主要使用的工具有Hadoop的Mahout等。该过程的特点和挑战主要是用于挖掘的算法很复杂，并且计算涉及的数据量和计算量都很大，常用数据挖掘算法都以单线程为主。
整个大数据处理的普遍流程至少应该满足这四个方面的步骤，才能算得上是一个比较完整的大数据处理。
大数据的处理方式大致分为数据流处理方式和批量数据处理方式两种。数据流处理的方式适合用于对实时性要求比较高的场合中。并不需要等待所有的数据都有了之后再进行处理，而是有一点数据就处理一点，更多地要求机器的处理器有较快速的性能以及拥有比较大的主存储器容量，对辅助存储器的要求反而不高。批量数据处理方式是对整个要处理的数据进行切割划分成小的数据块，之后对其进行处理。重点在于把大化小——把划分的小块数据形成小任务，分别单独进行处理，并且形成小任务的过程中不是进行数据传输之后计算，而是将计算方法（通常是计算函数——映射并简化）作用到这些数据块最终得到结果。
当前，对大数据的处理分析正成为新一代信息技术融合应用的节点。移动互联网、物联网、社交网络、数字家庭、电子商务等是新一代信息技术的应用形态，这些应用不断产生大数据。通过对不同来源数据的管理、处理、分析与优化，将结果反馈到上述应用中，将创造出巨大的经济和社会价值。大数据也是信息产业持续高速增长的新引擎。面对大数据市场的新技术、新产品、新业态会不断涌现。在硬件与集成设备领域，大数据将对芯片、存储产业产生重要影响，还将催生一体化数据存储处理服务器、内存计算等市场。在软件与服务领域，大数据将引发数据快速处理分析、数据挖掘技术和软件产品的发展。大数据利用将成为提高核心竞争力的关键因素。各行各业的决策正在从“业务驱动”转变为“数据驱动”。对大数据的分析可以使零售商实时掌握市场动态并迅速做出应对；可以为商家制定更加精准有效的营销策略提供决策支持；可以帮助企业为消费者提供更加及时和个性化的服务；在医疗领域，可提高诊断准确性和药物有效性；在公共事业领域，大数据也开始发挥促进经济发展、维护社会稳定等方面的重要作用。大数据时代科学研究的方法手段将发生重大改变。例如，抽样调查是社会科学的基本研究方法。在大数据时代，可通过实时监测，跟踪研究对象在互联网上产生的海量行为数据，进行挖掘分析，揭示出规律性的东西，提出研究结论和对策。
目前大数据在医疗卫生领域有广为所知的应用，公共卫生部门可以通过覆盖全国的患者电子病历数据库进行全面疫情监测。5千万条美国人最频繁检索的词条被用来对冬季流感进行更及时准确的预测。学术界整合出2003年H5N1禽流感感染风险地图，研究发行此次H7N9人类病例区域。社交网络为许多慢性病患者提供了临床症状交流和诊治经验分享平台，医生借此可获得院外临床效果统计数据。基于对人体基因的大数据分析，可以实现对症下药的个性化治疗。
在医药研发方面，大数据的战略意义在于对各方面医疗卫生数据进行专业化处理，对患者甚至大众的行为和情绪的细节化测量成为可能，挖掘其症状特点、行为习惯和喜好等，找到更符合其特点或症状的药品和服务，并针对性的调整和优化。在医药研究开发部门或公司的新药研发阶段，能够通过大数据技术分析来自互联网上的公众疾病药品需求趋势，确定更为有效率的投入产品比，合理配置有限研发资源。除研发成本外，医药公司能够优化物流信息平台及管理，更快地获取回报，一般新药从研发到推向市场的时间大约为13年，使用数据分析预测则能帮助医药研发部门或企业提早将新药推向市场。
在疾病诊治方面，可通过健康云平台对每个居民进行智能采集健康数据，居民可以随时查阅，了解自身健康程度。同时，提供专业的在线专家咨询系统，由专家对居民健康程度做出诊断，提醒可能发生的健康问题，避免高危病人转为慢性病患者，避免慢性病患者病情恶化，减轻个人和医保负担，实现疾病科学管理。对于医疗卫生机构，通过对远程监控系统产生数据的分析，医院可以减少病人住院时间，减少急诊量，实现提高家庭护理比例和门诊医生预约量的目标。武汉协和医院目前也已经与市区八家社区卫生服务中心建立远程遥控联系，并将在未来提供“从医院到家”的服务。在医疗卫生机构，通过实时处理管理系统产生的数据，连同历史数据，利用大数据技术分析就诊资源的使用情况，实现机构科学管理，提高医疗卫生服务水平和效率，引导医疗卫生资源科学规划和配置。大数据还能提升医疗价值，形成个性化医疗，比如基于基因科学的医疗模式。
在公共卫生管理方面，大数据可以连续整合和分析公共卫生数据，提高疾病预报和预警能力，防止疫情爆发。公共卫生部门则可以通过覆盖区域的卫生综合管理信息平台和居民信息数据库，快速监测传染病，进行全面疫情监测，并通过集成疾病监测和响应程序，进行快速响应，这些都将减少医疗索赔支出、降低传染病感染率。通过提供准确和及时的公众健康咨询，将会大幅提高公众健康风险意识，同时也将降低传染病感染风险。
在居民健康管理方面，居民电子健康档案是大数据在居民健康管理方面的重要数据基础，大数据技术可以促进个体化健康事务管理服务，改变现代营养学和信息化管理技术的模式，更全面深入地从社会、心理、环境、营养、运动的角度来对每个人进行全面的健康保障服务，帮助、指导人们成功有效地维护自身健康。另外，大数据可以对患者健康信息集成整合，在线远程为诊断和治疗提供更好的数据证据，通过挖掘数据对居民健康进行智能化监测，通过移动设备定位数据对居民健康影响因素进行分析等等，进一步提升居民健康管理水平。
在健康危险因素分析方面，互联网、物联网、医疗卫生信息系统及相关信息系统等普遍使用，可以系统全面地收集健康危险因素数据，包括环境因素（利用GIS系统采集大气、土壤、水文等数据），生物因素（包括致病性微生物、细菌、病毒、真菌等的监测数据），经济社会因素（分析经济收入、营养条件、人口迁徙、城镇化、教育就业等因素数据），个人行为和心理因素，医疗卫生服务因素，以及人类生物遗传因素等，利用大数据技术对健康危险因素进行比对关联分析，针对不同区域、人群进行评估和遴选健康相关危险因素及制作健康监测评估图谱和知识库也成为可能，提出居民健康干预的有限领域和有针对性的干预计划，促进居民健康水平的提高。
⑤ 孙大文的发表论文
发表论文600多篇，其中被SCI收录论文高达250多篇 (SCI收录)：
1. Da-Wen Sun, Inspecting Pizza Topping Percentage and Distribution by a Computer Vision Method, Journal of Food Engineering, 44 [4] (2000) 245-249.
2. Da-Wen Sun, Comparison and Selection of EMC/ERH Isotherm Equations for Rice, Journal of Stored Procts Research, 35 [3] (1999) 249-264.
3. Da-Wen Sun, Comparative Study of the Performance of an Ejector Refrigeration Cycle Operating with Various Refrigerants, Energy Conversion and Management, 40 [8] (1999) 873-884.
4. Da-Wen Sun, The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption System - an Alternative Option for Food Refrigeration, Journal of Food Processing & Preservation, 22 [5] (1998) 371-386.
5. Da-Wen Sun, Selection of EMC/ERH Isotherm Equations for Shelled Corn Based on Fitting to Available Data, Drying Technology, 16 [3/5] (1998) 779-797.
6. Da-Wen Sun, Evaluation of a Combined Ejector-Vapour Compression Refrigeration System, International Journal of Energy Research, 22 (1998) 333-342.
7. Da-Wen Sun, Comparison of the Performances of NH3-H2O, NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Energy Conversion and Management, 39 [5/6] (1998) 357-368.
8. Da-Wen Sun, Computer Simulation and Optimisation of Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Energy Sources, 19 [7] (1997) 677-690.
9. Da-Wen Sun, Experimental Investigation of the Performance Characteristics of a Steam Jet Refrigeration System, Energy Sources, 19 [4] (1997) 349-367.
10. Da-Wen Sun, Solar Powered Combined Ejector-Vapour Compression Cycle for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Energy Conversion and Management, 38 [5] (1997) 479-491.
11. Da-Wen Sun, Thermodynamic Design Data and Optimum Design Maps for Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Applied Thermal Engineering, 17 [3] (1997) 211-221.
12. Da-Wen Sun, Variable Geometry Ejectors and Their Applications in Ejector Refrigeration Systems, Energy, 21 [10] (1996) 919-929.
13. Da-Wen Sun, Thermodynamic Analysis of Two-Stage Metal Hydride Heat Pumps with Different Operating Modes, Applied Energy, 54 [1] (1996) 29-47.
14. Da-Wen Sun, New Methods for Evaluating the Performance of Metal Hydride Heat Pumps, Journal of the Institute of Energy, 68[476] (1995) 121-129.
15. Da-Wen Sun, Designs of Metal Hydride Reactors, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 12 (1992) 945-949. (SCI收录)：
16. Da-Wen Sun and L. J. Wang, Development of a Mathematical Model for Vacuum Cooling of Cooked Meats, Journal of Food Engineering, 77 [3] (2006) 379-385.
17. Da-Wen Sun and L. Y. Zheng, Vacuum Cooling Technology for the Agri-Food Instry: Past, Present and Future, in Da-Wen Sun and L. Y. Zheng (eds), “Progress in Bioprocts Processing and Food Safety”, special issue of Journal of Food Engineering, 77 [2] (2006) 203-214.
18. Da-Wen Sun and L. J. Wang, Experimental Investigation of Performance of Vacuum Cooling for Commercial Large Cooked Meat Joints, Journal of Food Engineering, 61 [4] (2004) 527-532.
19. Da-Wen Sun and C. J. Du, Segmentation of Complex Food Images by Stick Growing and Merging Algorithm, in Da-Wen Sun (ed) Computer Vision Applications in the Food Instry, special issue of Journal of Food Engineering, 61 [1] (2004) 17-26.
20. Da-Wen Sun and B. Li, Microstructural Change of Potato Tissues Frozen by Ultrasound-Assisted Immersion Freezing, Journal of Food Engineering, 57 [4] (2003) 337 - 345.
21. Da-Wen Sun and T. Brosnan, Pizza Quality Evaluation Using Computer Vision - Part 2. Pizza Topping Analysis, Journal of Food Engineering, 57 [1] (2003) 91-95.
22. Da-Wen Sun and T. Brosnan, Pizza Quality Evaluation Using Computer Vision - Part 1. Pizza Base and Sauce Spread, Journal of Food Engineering, 57 [1] (2003) 81-89.
23. Da-Wen Sun and L. J. Wang, Heat Transfer Characteristics of Cooked Meats Using Different Cooling Methods, International Journal of Refrigeration, 23 [7] (2000) 508-516.
24. Da-Wen Sun and X. Zhu, Effect of Heat Transfer Direction on the Numerical Prediction of Beef Freezing Processes, Journal of Food Engineering, 42 [1] (1999) 45-50.
25. Da-Wen Sun and Tadhg Brosnan, Extension of the Vase Life of Cut Daffodil Flowers by Rapid Vacuum Cooling, International Journal of Refrigeration, 22 [6] (1999) 472-478.
26. Da-Wen Sun and C. Byrne, Selection of EMC/ERH Isotherm Equations for Rapeseed, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 69 (1998) 307-315.
27. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Deep Bed Simulation of the Cooling of Stored Grain with Ambient Air: A Test Bed for Ventilation Control Strategies, Journal of Stored Procts Research, 33 [4] (1997) 299-312.
28. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Simulation of the Heat and Moisture Transfer Process ring Drying in Deep Grain Beds, Drying Technology, 15[10] (1997) 2479-2508.
29. Da-Wen Sun and I. W. Eames, Optimisation of Ejector Geometry and its Application in Ejector Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Cycles, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 2 [1] (1997) 16-21.
30. Da-Wen Sun, I. W. Eames and S. Aphornratana, Evaluation of a Novel Combined Ejector-Absorption Refrigeration Cycle, 1. Computer Simulation, International Journal of Refrigeration, 19[3] (1996) 172-180.
31. Da-Wen Sun and I. W. Eames, Performance Characteristics of HCFC-123 Ejector Refrigeration Cycles, International Journal of Energy Research, 20[10] (1996) 871-885.
32. Da-Wen Sun and I. W. Eames, Recent Developments in the Design Theories and Applications of Ejectors - A Review, Journal of the Institute of Energy, 68[475] (1995) 65-79.
33. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Low Temperature Moisture Transfer Characteristics of Barley: Thin Layer Models and Equilibrium Isotherms, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 59 (1994) 273-283.
34. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Low Temperature Moisture Transfer Characteristics of Wheat During Thin Layer Drying, Transactions of the ASAE, 37 (1994) 1919-1926.
35. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, The Selection of Sorption Isotherm Equations for Wheat Based on the Fitting of Available Data, Journal of Stored Procts Research, 30 (1994) 27-43.
36. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, The Moisture Content/Relative Humidity Equilibrium Relationship of Wheat - A Review, Drying Technology, 11 (1993) 1523-1551.
37. Da-Wen Sun and Roy J. Crawford, Analysis of the Effects of Internal Heating and Cooling During the Rotational Moulding of Plastics, Polymer Engineering & Science, 33 (1993) 132-139.
38. Da-Wen Sun and Roy J. Crawford, Computer Simulation of Rotational Moulding Heat Transfer Processes, Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, 19 (1993) 47-53.
39. Da-Wen Sun, Manfred Groll and Ronald Werner, Selection of Alloys and Their Influence on The Operational Characteristics of a Two-Stage Metal Hydride Heat Transformer, Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, 12 (1992) 49-55.
40. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Major Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate in Metal Hydride Beds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 16 (1991) 751-754.
41. Da-Wen Sun and Yu-Cheng Peng, A Practical Method to Design Hollow Profile Dies, Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications 16 (1991) 109-114.
42. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Theoretical Descriptions and Experimental Measurements on the Effective Thermal Conctivity in Metal Hydride Powder Beds, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 160 (1990) 387-395.
43. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, A Theoretical Model Predicting the Effective Thermal Conctivity in Powdered Metal Hydride Beds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 15 (1990) 331-336.
44. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Numerical Solution of the Two-Dimensional Non-Steady Heat and Mass Transfer Problem in Metal Hydride Beds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 15 (1990) 807-816.
45. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Study of the Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Metal Hydride Beds: A Two-Dimensional Model, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 155 (1989) 271-279.
46. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Study of the Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Metal Hydride Beds, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 141 (1988) 37-43. (SCI收录)：
47. N. A. Valous, K. Drakakis and Da-Wen Sun, Detecting Fractal Power-law Long-range Dependence in Pre-sliced Cooked Pork Ham Surface Intensity Patterns Using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Meat Science, (2010) (in press).
48. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Improving the Representation of Thermal Boundary Conditions of Livestock ring CFD Modelling of the Indoor Environment, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, (2010) (in press).
49. S. Yu, Y. Ma and Da-Wen Sun, Effects of Freezing Rates on Starch Retrogradation and Textural Properties of Cooked Rice ring Storage, LWT - Food Science and Technology, (2010) (in press).
50. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Air Mixing in a Naturally Ventilated Livestock Building with Different Porous Eave Opening Conditions, Biosystems Engineering, (2010) (in press).
51. S. Yu, Y. Ma, L. Menager and Da-Wen Sun, Physicochemical Properties of Starch and Flour from Different Rice Cultivars, Food and Bioprocess Technology, (2010) (in press).
52. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, P. Allen, N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza1and P. Ward, Identification of Important Image Features for Pork and Turkey Ham Classification Using Colour and Wavelet Texture Features and Genetic Selection, Meat Science, 84 [4] (2010) 711–717.
53. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Assessing the Ventilation Performance of A Naturally Ventilated Livestock Building with Different Eave Opening Conditions, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 71 [1] (2010) 7-21.
54. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza and Da-Wen Sun, Emerging Non-contact Imaging, Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Technologies for Quality Evaluation and Control of Hams: A Review, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21 [1] (2010) 26-43.
55. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, P. Allen, K. Brandon and A.-M. White, Correlation of Consumer Assessment of Longissimus Dorsi Beef Palatability with Image Colour, Marbling and Surface Texture Features, Meat Science, 84 [3] (2010) 564–568.
56. A. Iqbal, N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Classification of Pre-sliced Pork and Turkey Ham Qualities Based on Image Colour and Textural Features and Their Relationships with Consumer Responses, Meat Science, 84 [3] (2010) 455–465.
57. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and Paul Allen, Supervised Neural Network Classification of Pre-sliced Cooked Pork Ham Images Using Quaternionic Singular Values, Meat Science, 84 [3] (2010) 422–430.
58. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Optimising the Ventilation Configuration of Naturally Ventilated Livestock Buildings for Improved Indoor Environmental Homogeneity, Building and Environment, 45 [4] (2010) 983-995.
59. N. A. Valous, Da-Wen Sun, P. Allen and F. Mendoza, The Use of Lacunarity for Visual Texture Characterization of Pre-Sliced Cooked Pork Ham Surface Intensities, Food Research International, 43 [1] (2010) 387–395.
60. B. Wang, S. Y. Xu and Da-Wen Sun, Application of the Electronic Nose to the Identification of Different Milk Flavorings, Food Research International, 43 [1] (2010) 255–262.
61. S. Yu, Y. Ma, T. Liu, L. Menager and Da-Wen Sun, Impact of Cooling Rates on the Staling Behavior of Cooked Rice ring Storage, Journal of Food Engineering, 96 [3] (2010) 416-420.
62. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Prediction of Beef Palatability from Colour, Marbling and Surface Texture Features of Longissimus Dorsi, Journal of Food Engineering, 96 [1] (2010) 151-165.
63. F. Mendoza, N. A. Valous, Da-Wen Sun and Paul Allen, Characterization of Fat-Connective Tissue Size Distribution in Pre-sliced Pork Hams Using Multifractal Analysis, Meat Science, 83 [4] (2009) 713-722.
64. S. Yu, Y. Ma and Da-Wen Sun, Impact of Amylose Content on Starch Retrogradation and Texture of Cooked Milled Rice ring Storage, Journal of Cereal Science, 50 [2] (2009) 139-144.
65. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Automatic Segmentation of Beef Longissimus Dorsi Muscle and Marbling by an Adaptable Algorithm, Meat Science, 83 [2] (2009) 187–194.
66. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Comparison of Various Wavelet Texture Features to Predict Beef Palatability, Meat Science, 83 [1] (2009) 82–87.
67. A. E. Delgado, L. Y. Zheng and Da-Wen Sun, Influence of Ultrasound on Freezing Rate of Immersion-frozen Apples, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2 [3] (2009) 263–270.
68. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Assessing the Ventilation Effectiveness of Naturally Ventilated Livestock Buildings under Wind Dominated Conditions Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Biosystems Engineering, 103 [1] (2009) 78-99.
69. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Comparison of the Predictive Power of Beef Surface Wavelet Texture Features at High and Low Magnification, Meat Science, 82 [3] (2009) 353-356.
70. R. Zhao, E. Chen, M. Lin, Da-Wen Sun and B. Xu, Characteristics of Chamber Temperature Change ring Vacuum Cooling, Journal of Food Process Engineering, 32 [2] (2009) 177-186.
71. Y. Ma and Da-Wen Sun, Hardness of Cooked Rices as Affected by Varieties, Cooling Methods and Chill Storage, Journal of Food Process Engineering, 32 [2] (2009) 161-176.
72. C. J. Du and Da-Wen Sun, Retrospective Shading Correction of Confocal Laser Scanning Micros Beef Images for Three-Dimensional Visualization, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2 [2] (2009) 167-176.
73. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Texture Appearance Characterization of Pre-Sliced Pork Ham Images Using Fractal Metrics: Fourier Analysis Dimension and Lacunarity, Food Research International, 42 [3] (2009) 353-362.
74. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, C. J. Du and P. Allen, Prediction of Beef Eating Qualities from Colour, Marbling and Wavelet Surface Texture Features using Homogenous Carcass Treatment, Pattern Recognition, 42 [5] (2009) 751-763.
75. T. Norton, A. Delgado, E. Hogan, P. Grace and Da-Wen Sun, Simulation of High Pressure Freezing Processes by Enthalpy Method, Journal of Food Engineering, 91 [2] (2009) 260-268.
76. F. Mendoza, N. A. Valous, P. Allen, T. A. Kenny, P. Ward, and Da-Wen Sun, Analysis and Classification of Commercial Ham Slice Images Using Directional Fractal Dimension Features, Meat Science, 81 [2] (2009) 313-320.
77. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and Paul Allen, Colour Calibration of a Laboratory Computer Vision System for Quality Evaluation of Pre-sliced Hams, Meat Science, 81 [1] (2009) 132-141.
78. W. Wu, H. Zhang and Da-Wen Sun, Mathematical Simulation and Experimental Study of a Modified Zeolite 13X-Water Adsorption Refrigeration Mole, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 [4] (2009) 645-651.
79. L. Drummond, Da-Wen Sun, C. T. Vila and A. G. M. Scannell, Application of Immersion Vacuum Cooling to Water-Cooked Beef Joints – Quality and Safety Assessment, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 42 [1] (2009) 332–337.
80. F. Xu, W.-J. Yu, Da-Wen Sun, X.-Q. Xu and T.-C. Hua, Performance Comparison of Free and Immobilized Chicken Liver Esterase Inhibited by Four Different Pesticides, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88 [14] (2008) 2538-2542.
81. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, C. J. Du, P. Allen and G. Downey, Prediction of Beef Eating Quality from Colour, Marbling and Wavelet Texture Features, Meat Science, 80 [4] (2008) 1273-1281.
82. C. J. Du, Da-Wen Sun, P. Jackman and P. Allen, Development of a Hybrid Image Processing Algorithm for Automatic Evaluation of Intramuscular Fat Content in Beef M. Longissimus dorsi, Meat Science, 80 [4] (2008) 1231-1237.
83. L. Drummond and Da-Wen Sun, Temperature Evolution and Mass Losses ring Immersion Vacuum Cooling of Cooked Beef Joints – a Finite Difference Model, Meat Science, 80 [3] (2008) 885-891.
84. L. Drummond and Da-Wen Sun, Immersion Vacuum Cooling of Cooked Beef - Safety and Process Considerations Regarding Beef Joint Size, Meat Science, 80 [3] (2008) 738-743.
85. Y. Xu, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun and G.-Y. Zhou, Experimental Study and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Frozen Rabbit Aorta by Fracture Mechanics Approach, Journal of Biomechanics, 41 [3] (2008) 649-655.
86. Y. Ma, L. Lin and Da-Wen Sun, Preparation of High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptide by Proteolysis of Corn Gluten Meal, Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 26 [1] (2008) 31-40.
87. C. J. Du and Da-Wen Sun, Multi-Classification of Pizza Using Computer Vision and Support Vector Machine, Journal of Food Engineering, 86 [2] (2008) 234–242.
88. T. Norton and Da-Wen Sun, Recent Advances in the Use of High Pressure as an Effective Processing Technique in the Food Instry, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1 [1] (2008) 2-34.
89. Q. F. Cheng and Da-Wen Sun, Important Factors Affecting the Water Holding Capacity of Red Meat Procts: A Review of Recent Research Advances, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48 [1] (2008) 1–23.
90. P. Barreiro, C. Zheng, Da-Wen Sun, N. Hernández-Sánchez, J. M. Pérez-Sánchez and J. Ruiz-Cabello, Non-Destructive Seed Detection in Mandarines: Comparison of Automatic Threshold Methods in FLASH and COMSPIRA MRIs, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 47 [2] (2008) 189–198.
91. L. Guo, Y. Ma, Da-Wen Sun and P. Wang, Effects of Controlled Freezing-Point Storage at 0oC on Quality of Green Bean as Compared with Cold and Room-Temperature Storages, Journal of Food Engineering, 86 [1] (2008) 25-29.
92. Z. W. Cui, L. J. Sun, W. Chen and Da-Wen Sun, Preparation of Dry Honey by Microwave-Vacuum Drying, Journal of Food Engineering, 84 [4] (2008) 582-590.
93. D. Wu, Y. He, S. Feng, and Da-Wen Sun, Study on Infrared Spectros Technique for Fast Measurement of Protein Content in Milk Powder Based on LS-SVM, Journal of Food Engineering, 84 [1] (2008) 124-131.
94. Y. Xu, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun, G.-Y. Zhou and F. Xu, Effects of Freezing Rates and Dimethyl Sulphoxide Concentrations on Thermal Expansion of Rabbit Aorta ring Freezing Phase Change as Measured by Thermo Mechanical Analysis, Journal of Biomechanics, 40 [14] (2007) 3201-3206.
95. P. F. Yang, X. Wang, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun, Z. H. Chang and Y. L. Cao, Water Transport ring Freezing of Human Dermal Fibroblast as Affected by Various Freezing Rates, Cell Preservation Technology, 5 [3] (2007) 137-143.
96. C. J. Du and Da-Wen Sun, Food Image Segmentation Using an Improved Kernel Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm, Transactions of the ASABE, 50 [4] (2007) 1341-1348.
97. X. Wang, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun, B. Liu, G. Yang and Y. Cao, Cryopreservation of Tissue-Engineered Dermal Replacement in Me2SO: Toxicity Study and Effects of Concentration and Cooling Rates on Cell Viability, Cryobiology, 55 [1] (2007) 60-65.
98. Y. Li, S. Y. Xu and Da-Wen Sun, Preparation of Garlic Powder with High Allicin Content by Using Combined Microwave-Vacuum and Vacuum Drying as well as Microencapsulation, Journal of Food Engineering, 83 [1] (2007) 76-83.
99. A. E. Delgado and Da-Wen Sun, Influence of Surface Water Activity on Freezing/Thawing Times and Weight Loss, Journal of Food Engineering, 83 [1] (2007) 23-30.
100. T. Jeliński, C. J. Du, Da-Wen Sun and J. Fornal, Inspection of the Distribution and Amount of Ingredients in Pasteurized Cheese by Computer Vision, Journal of Food Engineering, 83 [1] (2007) 3-9.
等约600篇.
⑥ 本人毕设是关于电磁兼容的，要对PADS软件的原理图进行EMC仿真，请问用什么软件比较好，对电脑硬件要求高不
吐槽！！！！！！！！
本来不想理你的！
实话告诉你，我找好久了没找到！
算了 还是不想说了 你继续狂！
⑦ 完全不会用EI 求人帮忙 请利用EI的作者检索集美大学理学院游荣义教授有多少篇论文被EI收录
1. Polarizability and abnormal infrared spectra of molecules adsorbed on metal nanostructured surfaces
Huang, Xiao-Jing (Department of Physics, School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); You, Rong-Yi; Wang, Xiu-Lin; Fu, Xiao-Ming; Zhu, Hui-Li Source: Optoelectronics Letters, v 6, n 6, p 473-476, November 2010
Database: Compendex
2. Local electric field and configuration of CO molecules adsorbed on a nanostructured surface with nanocones
You, Rong-Yi (Department of Physics, School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Huang, Xiao-Jing Source: Chinese Physics B, v 18, n 9, p 3970-3974, 2009
Database: Compendex
3. A novel noise-removed algorithm for tagging effects in intermolecular multiple-quantum coherence magnetic resonance images
Lin, Tao (School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Lei, Guo-Wei; You, Rong-Yi; Chen, Zhong Source: ITME2009 - Proceedings 2009 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Ecation, p 394-396, 2009, ITME2009 - Proceedings 2009 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Ecation
Database: Compendex
4. Performance analysis of quasi OSTBC combining pre-coding and antenna selection
Lei, Guo-Wei (School of Science, Research Center of Complex Systems, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Zhuang, Ming-Jie; You, Rong-Yi Source: Proceedings - 2009 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, MAPE 2009, p 726-728, 2009, Proceedings - 2009 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, MAPE 2009
Database: Compendex
5. A new method of phase sapce analysis of EEG signal
You, Rong-Yi (Dept. of Compl. Sci. and Appl. Phys., Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong; Xu, Shen-Chu; Wu, Bo-Xi Source: Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, v 23, n 4, p 365-369, August 20, 2004 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
6. Calculation of the approximate entropy and the information entropy of EEG in phase space
You, Rong-Yi (Dept. of Comp. Sci. and Appl. Phys., Jimei Univ., Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong Source: Jisuan Wuli/Chinese Journal of Computational Physics, v 21, n 4, p 341-344, July 2004 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
7. Fast algorithm of blind signal separation based on ICA
You, Rong-Yi (Dept. of Comp. Sci. and Appl. Phys., Jimei Univ., Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong Source: Tien Tzu Hsueh Pao/Acta Electronica Sinica, v 32, n 4, p 669-672, April 2004 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
8. Blind source separation of multichannel electroencephalogram based on wavelet transform and ICA
You, Rong-Yi (Department of Physics, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong Source: Chinese Physics, v 14, n 11, p 2176-2180, November 1, 2005
Database: Compendex
9. A neural network method of blind separation and classification of EEG signals
You, Rong-Yi (Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China); Chen, Zhang Source: Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, v 22, n 5, p 428-432+409, October 20, 2003 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
后面是几个中文的，中文题目如下
游荣义，陈忠. 基于小波变换的盲信号分离的神经网络方法. 仪器仪表学报, 26(4):415-418 (2005). EI Accession number: 05259171861
游荣义，陈忠. 相空间中脑电近似熵和信息熵的计算. 计算物理, 21(4):341-344 (2004). EI Accession number: 04458452092
游荣义，陈忠. 一种基于ICA的盲信号分离快速算法. 电子学报, 32(4):669-672 (2004). EI Accession number: 04318296292
游荣义，陈忠，徐慎初，吴伯僖. 一种脑电信号相空间分析的新方法. 中国生物医学工程学报, 23(4):365-369 (2004). EI Accession number: 04428413766
游荣义，陈忠. 一种EEG信号盲分离和分类的神经网络方法. 中国生物医学工程学报, 22(5):428–432+409 (2003). EI Accession number: 04017800606
具体的全文根据题目可以在网上搜到吧，希望能够帮助到你
⑧ 通信类英文论文、英文文献
基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究
ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=jDmiKarm_EMC&dq=ADSL&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oJXbatzNWO&sig=fyomvlADYeB7NRS2gjTJAfpSapQ
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=HsXaS5y6SZoC&dq=ADSL&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=EdCHuJT2WG&sig=QnNSogd7OIvYS7Z6Vr2UYal4iw8
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Windows CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version 6.0[2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH processors.
Features
Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time.
Microsoft has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known ring development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the day.
Since then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile 5.0, Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many instrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game consoles.
A distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then procts like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form only.
Development tools
Visual Studio
Late versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, procing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and VB.NET, but not Managed C++.
Platform Builder
This programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named below.
Embedded Visual C++ (eVC)
The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity setup.
Relationship to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhone
Often Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a molar/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these moles provide subsets of other components' features (e.g. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, however.
Windows Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective devices.
Pocket PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for procing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable size.
The SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers proctivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger display.
Windows Mobile 5 supports USB 2.0 and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash drive.
Competing procts
Competitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and Access.
The secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating systems.
Being an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the competition.
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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi (5.5 km) [William Stallings' book].
At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP Colossus.
The distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, i.e. it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction.
There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home users
How ADSL works
On the wire
Currently, most ADSL communication is full plex. Full plex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division plex (FDD), echo canceling plex (ECD), or time division plexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL connection.
Vendors may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same bundle.
There is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the molation method used.
[edit] Molation
ADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, G.992.1 and G.992.2 (also called G.dmt and G.lite respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT molation scheme.
Annexes J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL usage.
While the ADSL access utilizes the 1.1 MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the 2.2 MHz band.
The downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.
[edit] Installation issues
Due to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL connection.
In the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procere is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer premises.
A side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.
⑨ 寻论文《阿里巴巴网站成功案例分析》
1,阿里巴巴本身就是个例子： 阿里巴巴是全球B2B电子商务的著名品牌,是目前全球最大的商务交流社区和网上交易市场。他曾两次被哈佛大学商学院选为MBA案例，在美国学术界掀起研究热潮，两次被美国权威财经杂志《福布斯》选为全球最佳B2B站点之一，多次被相关机构评全球最受欢迎的B2B网站、中国商务类优秀网站、中国百家优秀网站、中国最佳贸易网，被国内外媒体、硅谷和国外风险投资家誉为与Yahoo， Amazon， eBay，AOL比肩的五大互联网商务流派代表之一。其创始人、首席执行官马云也被著名的"世界经济论坛"选为"未来领袖"、被美国亚洲商业协会选为"商业领袖"，并曾多次应邀为全球著名高等学府麻省理工学院、沃顿商学院、哈佛大学讲学，是50年来第一位成为《福布斯》封面人物的中国企业家。
也许是取决于“良好的定位，稳固的结构，优秀的服务”，阿里巴巴如今巳成为全球首家拥有210万商人的电子商务网站，成为全球商人网络推广的首选网站，被商人们评为"最受欢迎的B2B网站"，杰出的成绩使阿里巴巴受到各界人士的关注。WTO首任总干事萨瑟兰出任阿里巴巴顾问，美国商务部、日本经济产业省、欧洲中小企业联合会等政府和民间机构均向本地企业推荐阿里巴巴。
"倾听客户的声音，满足客户的需求"也许是阿里巴巴生存与发展的根基，根据相关的调查显示：阿里巴巴的网上会员近五成是通过口碑相传得知阿里巴巴并使用阿里巴巴；各行业会员通过阿里巴巴商务平台双方达成合作者占总会员比率近五成。
在产品与服务方面，阿里巴巴公司为中国优秀的出口型生产企业提供在全球市场的"中国供应商"专业推广服务。中国供应商是依托世界级的网上贸易社区，顺应国际采购商网上商务运作的趋势，推荐中国优秀的出口商品供应商，获取更多更有价值的国际订单。截至2003年5月底加盟企业达到近3000家。目前已经有70%的被推荐企业已在网上成交，众多类别市场名额已满。2002年3月开始为全球注册会员提供进入诚信商务社区的通行证-"诚信通"服务。阿里巴巴积极倡导诚信电子商务，与邓白氏、ACP、华夏、新华信等国际国内著名的企业资信调查机构合作推出电子商务信用服务，帮助企业建立网上诚信档案，通过认证、评价、记录、检索、反馈等信用体系，提高网上交易的效率和成功的机会。每月赢收以双位数增长。 阿里巴巴以50万元人民币创业资本起步，吸纳了国际资本2500万美元，经过3年的发展，于2001年底实现当月盈利，2002年实现每月收入双位数的增长，实现全年盈利，从而保证对客户的持久服务能力。
下面是对阿里巴巴公司商业的模式进行分析。
阿里巴巴的营运模式是遵循一个循序渐进的过程。首先抓住基础的，然后在实施过程中不断捕捉新出现的收入机会。从最基础的替企业架设站点，到随之而来的网站推广，以及对在线贸易资信的辅助服务，交易本身的订单管理，不断延伸。出色赢利模式符合：赢利的强有力，可持续，可拓展。
1、架设企业站点
很少有企业把它理解为是一项重要的业务，理由在于这是一个高度离散的行业。你可以很从容的获得一个或者几个制作企业站点的机会，但不等于能够获得很多。这里存在收入收集上的困难。有一些公司主营这项业务，它们往往将业务定格在高端客户。阿里巴巴是一个很大的商业社区站点，这就是说它有与许多潜在顾客频繁接触的机会。更重要的是它能顺利的把潜在机会转化为现实收入。阿里巴巴的目标受众每年都要参加许多类似广交会之类的展销会议，这时候阿里巴巴的工作人员就出现了，有一些低成本的推广活动。线上与线下的营业推广相结合，实践证明能有效的收集商业机会。中小企业存在很大的伸缩性，这是说业务流程和业务规模都在迅速的发生变化。有时候它或许会找邻居帮助设计一个主页，这在当时可能已经足够了，但是很快它就有了更高的需求，这就超过了邻居的能力。阿里巴巴则有能力提供从低端到高端所有的站点解决方案。它能在企业的成长过程中获得全部收益。更大的优势在于制作商品交易市场型的站点。阿里巴巴只是替商品交易市场做一个外观主页，然后将其链接在自己的分类目录下。交易市场有了一个站点，实际上这和阿里巴巴的站点是同一个站点，这就提高了被检索的机会。网页设计毕竟是一项倾向于劳动密集型的业务。网站设计其实和开发应用程序没有什么不同，这是说存在国际转包的内在需求，这和印度班加罗尔的故事相同。这也解释阿里巴巴为什么把它的人手更多集中在劳动力成本相对低廉的杭州。国际转包的实现除了需要品牌，还要有对应的机构设置。无疑，阿里巴巴一直就是往这一方向走。
2、站点推广
对于网站的媒体定为一直十分模糊，它应当是广播式的，还是特定用户检索式的？其他从事于企业站点设计的公司存在一个很大的问题，没有对应的推广能力。而网站设计一旦完成，推广是自然需求。网站实际上是另一种媒体，广告收入对大多数网站都很重要。无论一些针对企业的服务是否被称之为广告。广播式的模式容易让人理解，但是逻辑上我们更倾向于检索式的。原因很简单，网站首页的空间是有限的，换句话说注意力本身是一种稀缺资源。一些站点的合适位置已经充满了形式各异的广告，我们忍不住困惑，增长的潜力在那里？如果我们定义为检索式的，这同时就表明了有几乎无限可供销售的广告位置。这好像就是最初网站在股市受到追捧的原因。跟大多数人的认识相反，中小企业存在很强烈的营销愿望。这一愿望没有更多转化为现实的理由是：首先通常营销的费用超过了中小企业可承受的范围。其次以前并不存在相应很好的方式。在阿里巴巴今天的收入中，站点推广的收入占了一半还多。“中国供应商”和“网上有名”。 “中国供应商”面对的是出口型的企业，“网上有名”则针对内销或工厂的出口主要以买断形式进行的那一种。其中的价格依据是，如果某家企业愿意以3万人民币的价格租赁两周的广交会展销摊位，那么它为似乎也会愿意以同样的价格购置一年的在线展销时段。今年这一价格已经上升到4万。对于一个新生事物，某种意义上阿里巴巴要证明服务的有效性。阿里巴巴有一个系统服务的思维。除了在网站上的页面设置，还可以通过“商情快递”邮件杂志，检索上的优先派序。至少它能证明付费的顾客要比免费的客户有更多的机会。有人愿意以6万人民币的价格，以便获得更多的服务内容。
3、诚信通
网络可能是虚拟的，但贸易本身必须是真实的。信用分析是企业的日常工作。这很好解释，网友们在拍卖网站上的交易并不是每一次都那么如意。易趣的统计表明在同通过身份认证但只有少数交易经历的所谓一星级顾客交易中，有6%最终受到了投诉。都一样，企业间交易存在相似的压力，所不同的是企业对此有更高的敏感性。在线贸易一方面体现了采购行为更充份的竞争性，另一方面企业对网络信息本身充满了质疑。“诚信通”作为一项服务不难理解。可以在“诚信通”上出示第三方对其的评估，企业在阿里巴巴的交易记录也有据可循。问题是这项服务本身是否会非常成功。阿里巴巴显然是希望所有的注册会员都使用这项付费的服务，最起码新注册的用户是如此。这个问题的确非常有趣。如果这一预想符合了现实，大多数的企业都购买了“诚信通”，那么意味剩下少数也会购买，即便不购买也不再重要。每个“诚信通”的价格都很便宜，但对网站而言几乎不存在成本。这就是说阿里巴巴的运营业绩将会非常的成功。另一种可能是只有少数企业购买了，这就存在用户流失的问题。类似于阿里巴巴模式的网站今天多如牛毛。阿里巴巴的认识是，首先他们在前期的努力已经吸纳了国际贸易中最活跃的顾客群。另一方面在线交易本身必须实现其严肃性。“如果某一商人在支付最基本的费用上都存在问题，那么他根本就没有资格从事生意本身。”我想这一逻辑应该被认为是正确的。
4、贸易通
贸易通是阿里巴巴网站新推出的一项服务，它的功能主要有以下几项：和百万商人安全、可靠地进行即时在线沟通、互动；结识、管理自己的商业伙伴，开展一对一的在线营销；强大的商务搜索引擎，搜尽天下商机；"服务热线"为诚信通会员即时解答网络贸易疑问,方便享受高质量的在线客户服务。其界面有点类似于常用的聊天工具QQ，非常友好且使用简单。不过，有关“贸易通”的收费一直没有行动起来，但这却是最初也是最重要的愿望。阿里巴巴的定义是从企业的每一次日常交易中抽取佣金，这在前期被舆论认为是不可能的，原因在于B2B贸易存在重复交易，企业通常不会一次就更换一家供应商。这样企业很容易绕开任何中介。这又是一个没有思维，就迅速下判断的例子。当然并不是这样的。“贸易通”可以理解为是一种订单管理软件。我想很多IT评论人都忽略了阿里巴巴这一项服务，实际上它对阿里巴巴未来的潜在影响最大，绝对不能看成电子邮件的豪华版。这里有一个观念上的不同，产品重要的是需求，而不是技术表述。“贸易通”则解决了这所有的问题。而且操作中存在很强的可行性，可以通过短消息捆绑按次计费。这一服务所面临的价格敏感性很小，而且存在一个很大的数量。“贸易通”则延伸了企业软件托管的思路。2， 阿里巴巴电子商务网站Linux应用案例 解决之道阿里巴巴在2003年年初开始启动是数据库升迁项目。3月底引进基于Linux平台的Oracle9i集群数据库(Oracle9iRAC)，4月初开始安装，到4月底便成功上线。新的数据库集群是以Dell 6650为硬件服务器、存储服务器采用Dell/EMC CX200存储阵列、以Red Hat Linux Advanced Server 2.1为操作系统、数据库采用Oracle9i集群数据库，采用三层架构，部署两个节点的集群系统。在从原有系统向新系统迁移数据时，按数据的不同特征进行，不仅能够快速迁移数据，并且大大减少了由于系统迁移而可能造成的停机时间。阿里巴巴数据库项目主管鲁国良先生说：“我们原有系统采用的数据库也是Oracle数据库，只不过它是基于Linux的单机数据库，因此，在数据迁移过程中，几乎没有遇到大问题。由于Oracle9iRAC在节点间信息交换的性能有了很大的改进，使得我们在从原来的单机系统升级到集群系统时，几乎不需要更改应用，新系统得到快速部署，一个月之内就能够上线。”应用效益鲁先生说：“通过采用2个节点的集群系统，我们能够很好地避免在升级Linux系统时可能出现的停机现象。Linux仍在迅速发展之中，其内核技术更新快，为了及时获得Linux更先进的功能，我们需要及时升级Linux内核技术。由于Exos中的数据库集群采用的是2个节点的集群系统，我们可以先对集群中的一个节点升级其Linux内核，然后再升级另一个节点，在此过程中，系统完全能够正常运行。借助基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库(Oracle9iRAC)的强大功能，系统的管理工作变得简单得多，并且能够有效弥补Linux操作系统的一些不足，在降低应用成本的同时，获得强大的性能。”在性能与成本之间获得很好的平衡，全面满足网站的应用需求。采用基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库(Oracle9iRAC)作为Exos的数据库平台，阿里巴巴既能够充分利用Linux平台的低成本优势，同时能够获得Oracle9i数据库强大的性能优势，获得对网站发展至关重要的系统性能、安全性、可靠性和可扩展性。性能提高60%。以基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库为动力的“Exos”投入使用后，成功地把阿里巴巴网站性能提高了60%。系统在投入使用后不久，中国部分地区遭受“非典”袭击，为了尽可能避免相互接触，企业纷纷转向网上交易，作为中国最主要的商业网站之一，阿里巴巴成为广大企业进行交易的平台，日交易从“非典”前的4千~5千笔迅速攀升到6月初的9千~1万2千笔。“Exos”的及时投入使用，为阿里巴巴从容应对快速增长的交易量提供了强大的动力，帮助阿里巴巴及时把握住新的发展机遇。系统管理简单化。借助Oracle9iRAC先进的Data Guard技术，阿里巴巴能够简化数据库的管理工作。Oracle9i Data Guard能够维护关键数据的实时拷贝，从而能够防止由于各种原因引起的数据丢失。工作区之间强大的转接和转回能力，使得硬件和操作系统的维护更为容易，同时又降低了宕机时间。比如，在过去，当主数据库和备用数据库的网络出现异常时，往往需要采用手工方式复制Archive Log，并应用到备用系统，工作量相当大，现在，这些工作都能够自动完成。大大减少宕机时间。借助基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库(Oracle9iRAC)的高可用性，阿里巴巴无论是升级Linux内核还是升级应用，都不需要关闭系统，有效减少了计划内停机时间。同时，集群系统中两个节点互为备份，大幅度减少了意外停机的时间。减少测试环境和实际应用环境的差异，提高系统部署的效率。现在，Linux已成为成长型企业的首选应用开发和测试平台，比如在Linux系统上运行开发数据库，而在其它系统上运行产品数据库，结果是在开发、测试、产品应用平台之间存在着差异。这种差异往往会影响到系统部署时的投入。阿里巴巴通过采用基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库(Oracle9iRAC)作为产品数据库，有效地缩小了这些差异，使很多测试工作变得真正有意义，直接用于产品应用平台，从而提高系统的部署效率。为什么选择ORACLE在谈及选择基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库的原因时，鲁先生说：“Oracle9i集群数据库在性能、安全性、24x7高可用性、稳定性方面都很好地满足了我们的应用需求，特别是它强大的易扩展性，尤其适合阿里巴巴快速发展的特点。另一方面，Oracle公司对Linux的积极态度和支持力度以及在Linux平台上不断实现的性能突破，坚定了我们采用Linux的信心，使我们既能够满足电子商务网站对性能和安全性的高要求，同时也能够很好地解决了成本控制的问题，这对我们成长型企业来说至关重要。基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库使我们能够以较低的成本在Linux平台上获得企业级的性能、可靠性和可扩展性，在Linux平台上运行网站的关键应用系统。其强大的集群能力，使我们能够在以后交易量上升到一定程度需要增加系统容量时，只需简单地增加节点，完全不需要更改应用，我们获得了一个真正按需部署的系统。”未来计划我们将继续关注Oracle在Linux方面的合作以及技术的发展。随着阿里巴巴业务的不断发展，我们将充分利用“Exos”系统成功应用基于Linux的Oracle9i集群数据库的经验，改善其它应用系统，逐步把这些系统迁移到Oracle平台上。