医学论文摘要翻译
Through the study of animal experiments to observe the United Yishen soup benazepril 5 / 6 nephrectomized rats renal function improved efficacy and reced TGF-β1 expression in renal tissue and other advantages, and to explore the soup Yishen possible to improve the renal function of mechanism of action.
Methods：
1. Select SPF class healthy alt male SD rats with 50 only as the research object, adaptive feeding one weeks later, 10 randomly selected as the sham-operated group (A group), and the remaining 40 with 5 / 6 nephrectomy CRF-made law model.
2.After the success of model selection criteria in line with the study group 32 rats were divided into B: model group, 8; C groups: benazepril group 8; D group: the Chinese Medicines Board 8; E group: beneficial United kidney soup benazepril group referred to as traditional Chinese and western medicine group 8, together with the A Group of 5 Group.
3. Successful modeling start after delivery, the groups were given corresponding drugs decoction.
4. The end of the experiment 24 hours after the detection of urinary protein and blood BUN, Scr, RBC, Hb, and renal histology observation and renal tissue TGF-β1 expression assay.
Results:
1.The general situation: ring the experiment, sham-operated rats demonstrated alertness, quick reaction, dense fur, clean and shiny, growth, consumption and the activities had no significant abnormalities, weight gain; model group was significant malnutrition, make them apathetic, slow activity , loss of appetite, fluffy fur, haggard Matte, died in the course of treatment at 2, probably because of renal failure e consideration; benazepril rats than sham-operated group spirit apathetic, slow activity, fur, fluffy; Chinese Medicines large mouse performance and a similar benazepril group; WM rats with sham-operated rats without much difference in general performance, but dry dark fur.
2. Of blood BUN, Scr impact: benazepril group, traditional Chinese medicine group, in the WM group significantly decreased BUN, Scr level, compared with the model group has significant difference (P <0.
05), but still higher than sham-operated group; traditional Chinese and western medicine group and the Chinese medicine group, benazepril group has significant difference (P <0.05); Chinese medicine group and the benazepril group was no significant difference ( P> 0.05).
3. Hematology impact: Chinese medicine group and the TCM-WM group was significantly increased blood RBC, Hb, compared with the model group has statistically significant difference (P <0.05), but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P> 0.05); benazepril group compared with the model group was no significant difference (P> 0.05).
4. Pathologic changes, acceptance of renal rat subtotal excision were visible matrix hyperplasia, glomerular sclerosis, but the model group compared to the treatment group significantly lesser degree of glomerular sclerosis, one of traditional Chinese and western medicine to renal small ball for the lightest sclerosis; Immunohistochemistry results showed that the treatment group in renal tissue expression of TGF-β1 were significantly lower than model group (P <0.
05), and traditional Chinese and western medicine group can rece the TGF-B1 in renal tissues, with the Chinese medicine group and the benazepril group has statistically significant difference (P <0.05). Conclusion: Yishen soup through Yiqi Jianpi, huoxuehuayu, dampness Xiexin Turbidimetry, CRF can rece blood BUN, Scr, improve anemia and rece proteinuria, can be reced effectively with 5 / 6 nephrectomy-inced CRF rat kidney tissue expression of TGF-β1, thereby recing the accumulation of ECM, slowing the development of renal fibrosis, and delay the progress of CRF.
Fully Yishen soup has a good anti-renal fibrosis, but also after the United benazepril better efficacy.
B. 如何准确翻译医学论文摘要
你可以先和北京译顶科技那边沟通，然后就可以交给他们了，他们对于这一块还是很有权威性的，主要还是一对一的，有什么事可以及时交流的
C. 有人说说医学论文摘要汉译英的方法和技巧吗
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译
发表时间：2009-6-12 9:15:21 来源：中国创新医学网推荐
[摘要]根据自己在编审医学论文英文摘要工作中的实际经验，总结和归纳在翻译医学论文摘要时应注意的问题及使用的方法、策略，重点论述医学论文英文摘要的写作格式、文章标题的表达方式、语态和时态的使用、长难句翻译等。
[关键词]医学论文;英语摘要;写作;翻译
为繁荣医学教育，提高医疗水平，传播医学知识，促进同国外的医学交流，推动医学科学的进步，我国目前已出版发行了数百种医学期刊。为了方便论文的检索和查阅，保持同国外医学期刊的一致性，医学论文大多要求书写中、英文摘要。笔者在医学期刊的英文编辑工作中发现，相当一部分摘要的书写不够规范，部分作者在遇到长句及疑难句子时就不知从何下手，有的将检索的外文资料生搬硬抄，同自己的原文完全不对应。笔者特撰写此文，以期对提高广大医务工作者书写英文摘要的水平、提高医学论文的质量有所帮助。
1 英文摘要的写作格式
医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要(structured abstract)，它是由加拿大Mc Master大学临床流行病学和生物统计学教授Haynes博士[1]于1990年4月首先提出的。而几乎在同年，美国《内科学纪事》(Annals of Internal Medicine'Ann Intern Med)在国际上率先应用结构式摘要[2]，随之，世界各国的医学期刊都采用了结构式摘要[3]。这些结构式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等，内容主要包括研究目的、研究设计、研究单位、研究对象或病人、处理方法、检测方法、结果及结论共8项。而在实际应用中，8段式结构式摘要逐渐简化为4段式。我国大多数医学期刊都采用了4段式结构式摘要，即目的、方法、结果和结论。(1)目的(objective)：简要说明研究的目的，表明研究的范围、内容和重要性，常常涵盖文章的标题内容。(2)方法(methods)：简要说明研究课题的设计思路，使用何种材料和方法，如何对照分组，如何处理数据等。(3)结果(results)：简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据，有何新发现，说明其价值及局限。此外，还要给出结果的置信值，统计学显著性检验的确切值。(4)结论(conclusion)：简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论，并进行总结，给出符合科学规律的结论。为了更好地说明问题，我们来看下例：(1)目的：探讨螺旋CT(SCT)对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值。(2)方法：51例疑诊结、直肠肿瘤的患者行SCT扫描，扫描前清洁肠道，并经直肠注气，扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。51例中，41例经直肠镜或手术病理证实为结、直肠癌，其中31例有手术、SCT等完整资料参与分期研究，将影像诊断与手术病理结果进行对照。(3)结果：SCT总的分期准确率为58.1%(18/31)，判断T分期的准确率为84.4%(27/32)'N分期的准确率为61.3%(19/31)。评价肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为92.9%和50.0%。(4)结论：SCT扫描对结、直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值，有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结和远处转移情况。其对应的英文摘要为：(1)Objective：To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. (2)Methods：Fifty?one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the 51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonos and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31 patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.(3)Results：The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was 58.1%(18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging'the accuracy rates were 84.4%(27/32) and 61.3%(19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosal infiltration were 92.9% and 50.0%.(4)Conclusion：SCT scan'playing a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma'is useful to detect the serosal infiltration'lymph node and distant metastasis.上述摘要中英文对应准确，叙述简练，基本上概括了全文的主要内容，便于专家和编辑的审稿和校对，也便于医务工作者以及普通读者的查阅和检索。
2 英文摘要写作与翻译
应注意的问题众所周知，任何英文书面材料只有用英文思维、构思、写作，才可能成为比较地道的英文文章，医学论文摘要也是这样，最好直接用英文书写。然而笔者在实际工作中以及同论文作者的交流中了解到，80%以上的医务工作者不能做到这一点。他们基本上要首先写出中文摘要，再按照中文内容翻译成英文。在写作和翻译的过程中，他们不可避免地都会犯下一些错误。下面将重点讨论摘要写作与翻译中应注意的问题。
2.1 文章标题文章标题具备信息功能(提供文章的主要内容)、祈使功能(吸引读者阅读和购买)、美感功能(简单明了、新颖、醒目)和检索功能(方便读者和科技工作者检索、查阅及引用)。医学论文的标题还有它自己的特点，即有较多的专业术语和较长的字数。对于它们的翻译，要忠实于原文，一般都采用直译方法，并且要注意各成分之间的关系[3]。请看下例：“针刺对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响”翻译：The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris分析：“影响”为中心词，但它在本文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针刺”是种治疗疾病的方法，“针刺的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”，“患者”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词连接，译文简洁而明晰。
2.2 语态在英语中，被动语态的使用远不及主动语态广泛。然而，在翻译医学论文摘要时，却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的描述，使得整项活动更显出科学性。同时，被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用必要的修辞手段，扩大句子的信息量，从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容[4]。请看下例：“采用Western blotting技术检测37例食管鳞状细胞癌组织、癌旁组织、区域淋巴结和相应正常食管组织中P73蛋白的表达，并探讨与食管临床病理特征的关系。”翻译：The expression of P73 protein was detected by Western blotting in 37 cases of esophageal tumor tissues'para?cancer tissues'regional lymphnodes and matched esophageal normal tissues'and their relation to clinical pathologic characteristics of esophageal cancer was explored.分析：(P73蛋白的)“表达”和“关系”是两个中心词，只有使用被动语态，才能突出这两个词。“检测”和“探讨”都是科学研究的过程，使用被动语态就是强调其科学性。整个译句使用被动语态达到的效果是结构紧凑，上下联贯。
2.3 时态时态是大多数作者遇到的一大难题，他们不知何时该用何种时态。有时全文从头到尾只用一种时态，或几种时态杂乱交错，给人不知所云的感觉。笔者通过多年对医学论文英文摘要的加工、翻译发现'医学论文摘要中所采用的时态主要是一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。而它们的功能也很明确，即，一般现在时(偶尔有现在完成时)使用于摘要的目的与结论当中。对于摘要的目的，现在常常省略主语，只用不定式短语进行表达。如“to study; to evaluate; to understand”等;而一般过去时(偶尔有过去完成时)则常常用于摘要的方法和结果之中。请看下例：例1：“106例宫颈癌均行广泛性子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除术，其中78例行术前放疗(体外加腔内放疗)，16例采用腔内放疗加手术，12例术后放疗。”翻译：106 patients with cervical carcinoma were all treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy'of whom 78 had preoperative radiotherapy'(external radiation and brachytherapy)'16 combination of brachytherapy and radical operation'12 adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy.分析：上文是摘要“方法”中的一句。主句使用了过去时，从句则使用了过去完成时。之所以使用这两种时态，是因为在撰写此文时，研究工作已经结束，研究过程中所做的一切已成过去。读者阅过就一目了然。例2：“初步结果显示肝素酶基因表达可能为肺癌细胞获得转移活性的可靠标志之一，其检测可用于辅助判断肺癌患者预后。”翻译：The preliminary results suggest that the expression of heparanase gene may be one of the reliable markers for the metastastic activity gained by the lung cancer cells and can be used clinically in predicting the prognosis of patients.分析：这是摘要“结论”中的一句，是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结，并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义，因此使用的是一般现在时。当然，使用何种时态不能一概而论。在翻译时，要根据原文中所要表达的意思来最后确定。
3 长、难句的翻译
不管是英语还是汉语医学文章，都有一个共同的特点，即它们的句子通常较长，结构较复杂，有时，长长的一段文字仅由一句话组成。在医学论文摘要中更是如此，要做好它们的互译还真不容易。这是因为汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought?pivot)上'英语句子建构在形式(或主谓)主轴(form?pivot or subject?predict?pivot)上[4]。也就是说，虽然句子是表达完整意义的语言单位，汉语强调的是意义，不太强调句子结构，许多句子没有主语，还有的句子主语不明显，但意义是明确的;而英语句子特别强调句子结构，绝大多数句子需要主语和谓语。这就要求在汉译英过程中注意句意的转换，学会抓找中心词和使用英语中的各个关联词。请看下列例子：例1：“以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型，采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法，比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异，分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。”翻译：The malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE inced by BPDE was used as a model for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cells.分析：在中文原句中，出现了“以……”、“采用……”以及“比较……”、“分离……”这两个看似并列的机构'如果按照原文翻译'就会不知所云。因此，根据句意和英语的句子结构，将原文分成两层意思，按照两个句子去翻译。在第一层意思中，“上皮细胞株”在句中是中心词，但在实际翻译中，应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译时，将它们的位置颠倒过来，并且为了保持和中文“以…”结构相一致，使用了被动语态。第二层意思中，“cDNA代表性差异分析方法”是中心词。其他结构按照英文习惯出现，层次分明，出落自然，毫无累赘之感。例2：“这些感受器是神经末梢，它们嵌入血管壁，根据该血管扩张的程度发出冲动。”翻译：These receptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded.分析：原文虽然不是太长'但如果按照中文结构去译'就显得很幼稚。因此'就应使用英语中的各个关联词及关联结构。本句中采用的是定语分译法'即用一个主句带上一个定语从句'该定语从句又带上它自己的定语从句'这不仅符合英文习惯'而且逻辑性很强。整个译文层次明晰、流畅自然。以上是笔者在工作中的一些探索'希望能对进行医学论文英语摘要写作的医务工作者有所启发。
[参考文献]
[1]HAYNES R B.More informative abstracts revisited[J].Am Intern Med'1990'113:6976.
[2]PENROSE A M'KATZ S B. Writing in the Sciences [M]. New York：St. Martin?s Inc.'1998:123125.
[3]PICKETT N A'LASTER A A. Technical English [M]. New York：Harper Collins Publishers'1996:6568.
[4]陈宏薇. 新实用汉译英教程[M] 武汉：湖北教育出版社'1996:102105.
D. 医学论文摘要翻译
Abstract: The purpose of the study of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, toxin-inced acute lung injury (ALI) rabbit model of protection. 2007-10/2008-01 experimental methods in all hospitals in the Tang Center for the completion of the laboratory. Healthy alt male rabbits, 20, of which 2 for the training culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), more than 18 were randomly divided into three groups: endotoxin (LPS)-inced ALI model group (LPS), saline In the control group (NS group), MSCs in the treatment group. LPS group, MSCs group using tracheal instillation endotoxic established rabbit model of acute lung injury, set up after the success of the model 30min, MSCs group of rabbits by injecting the right side of the jugular vein to give bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, LPS, and other groups to give Volume of normal saline, NS Group for more than two groups in accordance with the model, are given equal treatment to deal with normal saline, all animals to observe 48 hours after death, cell count board computing fluid in the lung cells of the total, the number of neutrophils , BCA method to calculate the total protein amount of seepage. HE left lung paraffin-embedded pathological changes were observed, said the lower left lung weight of wet and dry, wet and dry than the calculation. The results under: LPS group alveolar space and a large number of small airway inflammatory cell infiltration, edema and bleeding obvious. Alveolar clear thickening of the interval, MSCs group alveolar walls thin, only a small amount of inflammatory cells; statistical model of LPS group bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the number of inflammatory cells, as well as the ratio of wet and dry lung tissue protein exudation Higher than the NS group was statistically significant (P <0.05); MSCs group than the NS group P> 0.05, no statistical significance. Conclusion MSCs through injury in the lung tissue of rabbits into a cell, thereby recing the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of inflammatory cells, the protein effusion, acute lung injury has a protective effect.
E. 医学英语论文摘要——求范文一篇（英文原文+中文翻译）
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of long
stent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions in
octogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111
diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patients
aged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and proceral details were
similar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2
hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procere success was 100 %for both groups.
None had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference in
angiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group O
vs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates of
target lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statistical
significance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % vs.
2510 % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesions
in octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high proceral success and favorable long2term outcomes.
F. 医学论文摘要翻译（英译汉）
Unit to discuss the purpose of the summary of the pedicle bone graft in the prevention of young and middle-aged intracapsular femoral neck fracture caused by the type of femoral head necrosis the role of a retrospective analysis of the methods of Chinese medicine hospital in Hubei Province 2001.3 ~ 2007.5 treated young and middle-aged femoral neck fracture Case of 55 cases of type capsules were used hollow nail joint stock side pedicle bone grafting and hollow nailing alone, the patients were followed up in July to 7 years, an average of 3.6 years. Comparing the two projects, including pre-operative time, surgical time, the quality of rection, fracture healing rate, the rate of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, hip function. Joint operation results of the surgery a long time, preoperative preparations for a relatively short time, a joint operation reset the quality of surgery, the rate of healing, osteonecrosis of the femoral head were significantly better than the hollow nail group, hip joint function score is better than surgery alone Operation. The conclusions of the young and middle-aged patients with intracapsular femoral neck fracture type, select the hollow nail shares plus side muscle pedicle bone grafting effect is better than simply hollow fixation group
G. 医学论文中文摘要翻译成英文摘要，高分悬赏
疗(percutaneous coronary intervention，PCI)是目前治疗重症冠心病的主要手段之一，但即使是在药物涂层支架内时代，术后再狭窄（容ISR)和心血管不良事件（MACE）发生率仍较高，成为影响远期效果和预后的
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H. 医学论文摘要翻译成英文，大家帮帮忙，希望不要用翻译软件
【摘要】 目的：观察促肝细胞生长素对重度烧伤所致肝脏损伤引起的酶学异常的临床治疗效果。 方法：对76名重度烧伤合并肝脏酶学异常的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组38人。治疗组：给予常规烧伤治疗并静脉滴注加入促肝细胞生长素80mg的5%葡萄糖注射液250ml，1次/d，连续治疗10d。对照组仅给予常规烧伤治疗。于治疗前、治疗后第5天、第10天抽取患者静脉血，检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、γ 谷氨酰转移酶(γ－GT）、碱性磷酸酶(ALP）水平，并进行比较分析。结果： 治疗组用药前ALT、AST、γ－GT、 ALP水平分别为（153±51）（115±33）（160±43）（166±39）U/L，治疗后检验结果分别为（41±9）（37±5）（33±7）（73±31）U/L，前后检查结果比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。对照组治疗前后检查结果比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组显效率比较，差异有显著性意义。结论：促肝细胞生长素对烧伤患者肝功能异常有明显治疗作用，对降低患者血清转氨酶有一定的临床意义。
【关键词】 烧伤 促肝细胞生长素 酶学
I. 医学论文 摘要中译英
Abstract(摘要）:
There are various kinds of medicines of decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol of plasma.It is difficult to classify them because of their variety.According to the function,they usually are divided into four types:to decrease total cholesterol,mainly decrease cholesterol with secondary triglyceride,total triglyceride and mainly decrease triglyceride with secondary cholesterol.
Generally speaking,it can prevent cholic acid or cholesterol to be absorbed through enteric canal and promote them to be ejected by excrement.Besides,it can also restrain the internal combining of cholesterol,or accelerate its transformation,LDL receptor of periplasts and the decomposition of lipoprotein.And it can activate lipoprotein and metabolic enzymes,promote hydrolyzation of triglycercide,resist other lipids' combining or promote the metabolism.
At present,the antilipemic are mainly composed of the following: cholic acid chelating agent、HMG-CoA rectase inhibitor、niacin and its derivative、the Fibrates、Probucol、pantethine、elastase、Omega-3 fatty acid and others.
This paper indicates the antilipemic's current research development,including the following aspects:
Sums up the new research viewpoints and methods about the antilipemic and states the method of administration and curative mechanism of lovastatin、isoflavone、enteromorpha polysaccharide，etc.Then analyzes the concret solution and compares various medicines by ince blood fat's proction.With unceasing practice and comparison, we've proved that a great progress has been made in research of modern antilipemic and there are more effective treatment protocols anyway.
Key Words（关键词）：
antilipemic；triglycercide；lipoproteins；niacin；isoflavone
可完了~N多专业术语 呵呵 我也学了好多呢 祝论文顺利过关！
J. 求翻译一段医学论文摘要，急！
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Purpose: "from cesarean section non-medical indications factors was analyzed, reasonable measures of recing cesarean section rate"
Methods: retrospective analysis, collected by our February 2007 until 2010 October inpatient delivery puerpera 560 patients, statistical analysis for non-medical indications factors executes cesarean section proportion
Results: the total cesarean section, including pathological factors 37 cases, accounting for 73 cases 19.7, social factors 241 example, 65%, iatrogenic factors 56 patients, 15%
Conclusion: non-medical indications factors in pregnancy.laboratory indications has accounted for first place, only from multiple levels of doctor-patient the parties and, through the joint efforts of the whole society, reasonable grasp cesarean section indications, can very well to rece cesarean section rate
Keywords: cesarean section indications, Reced, Cesarean section rate
Paper type: applied research