emc論文

① 電子電路設計方向研究生論文題目有哪些

碩士生的論文題目多是從實際的工程問題而來。可能是一個數據採集加控制系統，伴隨著EMC的問題。而這些問題的解決往往有軟體演算法來完成。
所以你選擇題目的出發點是看看導師在從事哪方面的科研課題，以及這些課題的經費支持情況。在實際問題中找題目來做。並通過在論文過程中，培養自己的科研能力（查找資料、理論分析、實驗動手、論文表述），再其次在專業領域提高自己的水平（比如單片機軟體編程、FPGA應用等）。

② 哪位好心人能幫我找一篇關於EMC(電磁兼容)的英文文章

不知道你需要電磁兼容哪方面的

http://www.compliance-club.com/
可以提供一些免費的文章下載

自己找找你所需要的。

③ 測控技術與儀器專業想要超EMC檢測方向發展應該具備什麼專業知識應該看

測控技術與儀器就業方向：

本專業的畢業生大多就業於航天航空、兵器、機械、電子、能源、化工、通訊、交通等眾多國防科技及國民經濟建設領域的研究院所和企業，從事現代測控系統的研究設計、製造、應用工作。
測
控技術與儀器專業以光、機、電、計算機一體化為特色，培養具有現代科學創新意識、知識面寬、基礎理論扎實、計算機和外語能力強，可從事計算機應用、電子信
息、智能儀器、虛擬儀器、測量與控制等多領域的產品設計製造、科技開發、應用研究、企業管理等多方面的高級工程技術及經營管理人才。同時因為他們專業知識
面寬廣，具有很強的適應能力和廣泛的發展空間，也可從事計量、測試、控制工程、智能儀器儀表、計算機軟體和硬體等高新技術領域的設計、製造、開發和應用等
工作，轉行比較容易。
培養目標：
本專業培養掌握測量與控制理論知識，具備現代測控系統設計製造及應用能力，能在國防及國民經濟各部門從事現代測控系統設計製造、應用研究、運行管理等方面的高級工程技術人才。
培養意義：測控技術與儀器專業專業學生主要學習精密儀器的光學、機械與電子學基礎理論，測量與控制理論和有關測控儀器的設計方法，受到現代測控技術和儀器應用的訓練，具有本專業測控技術及儀器系統的應用及設計開發能力。
畢業生應獲得以下幾方面的知識和能力：
1. 具有較扎實的自然科學基礎，較好的人文、藝術和社會科學基礎及正確運用本國語言、文字的表達能力；
2. 較系統地掌握本專業領域寬廣的技術理論基礎知識，主要包括機械學、電工電子學、光學、感測器技術、測量與控制、市場經濟及企業管理等基礎知識；
3. 掌握光、機、電、計算機相結合的當代測控技術和實驗研究能力，具有現代測控系統與儀器的設計、開發能力；
4. 具有較強的外語應用能力；
5. 具有較強的自學能力、創新意識和較高的綜合素質。
主幹學科：儀器科學與技術。
主要課程：電工學、電子技術基礎、感測器原理及應用、微機原理及應用、控制工程基礎、信號與測試系統、智能機械設計、數字化測控技術、精密儀器設計、測控電路設計、智能儀器設計、微機電系統。
實踐教學：包括軍訓、金工、電工、電子實習，認識實習，生產實習，社會實踐，課程設計，畢業設計（論文）等，一般應安排40周以上。

④ 有關大數據的論文 急 在線等！！！

大數據是指無法在一定時間內用常規軟體工具對其內容進行抓取、管理和處理的數據集合。大數據技術，是指從各種各樣類型的數據中，快速獲得有價值信息的能力。適用於大數據的技術，包括大規模並行處理（MPP）資料庫，數據挖掘電網，分布式文件系統，分布式資料庫，雲計算平台，互聯網，和可擴展的存儲系統。
大數據有四個基本特徵：一、數據體量巨大(Vomule)，二、數據類型多樣(Variety)，三、處理速度快(Velocity)，四、價值密度低(Value)。
在大數據的領域現在已經出現了非常多的新技術，這些新技術將會是大數據收集、存儲、處理和呈現最強有力的工具。大數據處理一般有以下幾種關鍵性技術:大數據採集、大數據預處理、大數據存儲及管理、大數據分析及挖掘、大數據展現和應用(大數據檢索、大數據可視化、大數據應用、大數據安全等)。
大數據處理之一：採集。大數據的採集是指利用多個資料庫來接收發自客戶端（Web、App或者感測器形式等）的數據，並且用戶可以通過這些資料庫來進行簡單的查詢和處理工作。比如，電商會使用傳統的關系型資料庫MySQL和Oracle等來存儲每一筆事務數據，除此之外，Redis和MongoDB這樣的NoSQL資料庫也常用於數據的採集。
在大數據的採集過程中，其主要特點和挑戰是並發數高，因為同時有可能會有成千上萬的用戶來進行訪問和操作，比如火車票售票網站和淘寶，它們並發的訪問量在峰值時達到上百萬，所以需要在採集端部署大量資料庫才能支撐。並且如何在這些資料庫之間進行負載均衡和分片的確是需要深入的思考和設計。
大數據處理之二：導入和預處理。雖然採集端本身會有很多資料庫，但是如果要對這些海量數據進行有效的分析，還是應該將這些來自前端的數據導入到一個集中的大型分布式資料庫，或者分布式存儲集群，並且可以在導入基礎上做一些簡單的清洗和預處理工作。也有一些用戶會在導入時使用來自Twitter的Storm來對數據進行流式計算，來滿足部分業務的實時計算需求。
導入與預處理過程的特點和挑戰主要是導入的數據量大，每秒鍾的導入量經常會達到百兆，甚至千兆級別。
大數據處理之三：統計和分析。統計與分析主要利用分布式資料庫，或者分布式計算集群來對存儲於其內的海量數據進行普通的分析和分類匯總等，以滿足大多數常見的分析需求，在這方面，一些實時性需求會用到EMC的GreenPlum、Oracle的Exadata，以及基於MySQL的列式存儲Infobright等，而一些批處理，或者基於半結構化數據的需求可以使用Hadoop。
統計與分析這部分的主要特點和挑戰是分析涉及的數據量大，其對系統資源，特別是I/O會有極大的佔用。
大數據處理之四：挖掘。與前面統計和分析過程不同的是，數據挖掘一般沒有什麼預先設定好的主題，主要是在現有數據上面進行基於各種演算法的計算，從而起到預測（Predict）的效果，從而實現一些高級別數據分析的需求。比較典型演算法有用於聚類的Kmeans、用於統計學習的SVM和用於分類的NaiveBayes，主要使用的工具有Hadoop的Mahout等。該過程的特點和挑戰主要是用於挖掘的演算法很復雜，並且計算涉及的數據量和計算量都很大，常用數據挖掘演算法都以單線程為主。
整個大數據處理的普遍流程至少應該滿足這四個方面的步驟，才能算得上是一個比較完整的大數據處理。
大數據的處理方式大致分為數據流處理方式和批量數據處理方式兩種。數據流處理的方式適合用於對實時性要求比較高的場合中。並不需要等待所有的數據都有了之後再進行處理，而是有一點數據就處理一點，更多地要求機器的處理器有較快速的性能以及擁有比較大的主存儲器容量，對輔助存儲器的要求反而不高。批量數據處理方式是對整個要處理的數據進行切割劃分成小的數據塊，之後對其進行處理。重點在於把大化小——把劃分的小塊數據形成小任務，分別單獨進行處理，並且形成小任務的過程中不是進行數據傳輸之後計算，而是將計算方法（通常是計算函數——映射並簡化）作用到這些數據塊最終得到結果。
當前，對大數據的處理分析正成為新一代信息技術融合應用的節點。移動互聯網、物聯網、社交網路、數字家庭、電子商務等是新一代信息技術的應用形態，這些應用不斷產生大數據。通過對不同來源數據的管理、處理、分析與優化，將結果反饋到上述應用中，將創造出巨大的經濟和社會價值。大數據也是信息產業持續高速增長的新引擎。面對大數據市場的新技術、新產品、新業態會不斷涌現。在硬體與集成設備領域，大數據將對晶元、存儲產業產生重要影響，還將催生一體化數據存儲處理伺服器、內存計算等市場。在軟體與服務領域，大數據將引發數據快速處理分析、數據挖掘技術和軟體產品的發展。大數據利用將成為提高核心競爭力的關鍵因素。各行各業的決策正在從「業務驅動」轉變為「數據驅動」。對大數據的分析可以使零售商實時掌握市場動態並迅速做出應對；可以為商家制定更加精準有效的營銷策略提供決策支持；可以幫助企業為消費者提供更加及時和個性化的服務；在醫療領域，可提高診斷准確性和葯物有效性；在公共事業領域，大數據也開始發揮促進經濟發展、維護社會穩定等方面的重要作用。大數據時代科學研究的方法手段將發生重大改變。例如，抽樣調查是社會科學的基本研究方法。在大數據時代，可通過實時監測，跟蹤研究對象在互聯網上產生的海量行為數據，進行挖掘分析，揭示出規律性的東西，提出研究結論和對策。
目前大數據在醫療衛生領域有廣為所知的應用，公共衛生部門可以通過覆蓋全國的患者電子病歷資料庫進行全面疫情監測。5千萬條美國人最頻繁檢索的詞條被用來對冬季流感進行更及時准確的預測。學術界整合出2003年H5N1禽流感感染風險地圖，研究發行此次H7N9人類病例區域。社交網路為許多慢性病患者提供了臨床症狀交流和診治經驗分享平台，醫生藉此可獲得院外臨床效果統計數據。基於對人體基因的大數據分析，可以實現對症下葯的個性化治療。
在醫葯研發方面，大數據的戰略意義在於對各方面醫療衛生數據進行專業化處理，對患者甚至大眾的行為和情緒的細節化測量成為可能，挖掘其症狀特點、行為習慣和喜好等，找到更符合其特點或症狀的葯品和服務，並針對性的調整和優化。在醫葯研究開發部門或公司的新葯研發階段，能夠通過大數據技術分析來自互聯網上的公眾疾病葯品需求趨勢，確定更為有效率的投入產品比，合理配置有限研發資源。除研發成本外，醫葯公司能夠優化物流信息平台及管理，更快地獲取回報，一般新葯從研發到推向市場的時間大約為13年，使用數據分析預測則能幫助醫葯研發部門或企業提早將新葯推向市場。
在疾病診治方面，可通過健康雲平台對每個居民進行智能採集健康數據，居民可以隨時查閱，了解自身健康程度。同時，提供專業的在線專家咨詢系統，由專家對居民健康程度做出診斷，提醒可能發生的健康問題，避免高危病人轉為慢性病患者，避免慢性病患者病情惡化，減輕個人和醫保負擔，實現疾病科學管理。對於醫療衛生機構，通過對遠程監控系統產生數據的分析，醫院可以減少病人住院時間，減少急診量，實現提高家庭護理比例和門診醫生預約量的目標。武漢協和醫院目前也已經與市區八家社區衛生服務中心建立遠程遙控聯系，並將在未來提供「從醫院到家」的服務。在醫療衛生機構，通過實時處理管理系統產生的數據，連同歷史數據，利用大數據技術分析就診資源的使用情況，實現機構科學管理，提高醫療衛生服務水平和效率，引導醫療衛生資源科學規劃和配置。大數據還能提升醫療價值，形成個性化醫療，比如基於基因科學的醫療模式。
在公共衛生管理方面，大數據可以連續整合和分析公共衛生數據，提高疾病預報和預警能力，防止疫情爆發。公共衛生部門則可以通過覆蓋區域的衛生綜合管理信息平台和居民信息資料庫，快速監測傳染病，進行全面疫情監測，並通過集成疾病監測和響應程序，進行快速響應，這些都將減少醫療索賠支出、降低傳染病感染率。通過提供准確和及時的公眾健康咨詢，將會大幅提高公眾健康風險意識，同時也將降低傳染病感染風險。
在居民健康管理方面，居民電子健康檔案是大數據在居民健康管理方面的重要數據基礎，大數據技術可以促進個體化健康事務管理服務，改變現代營養學和信息化管理技術的模式，更全面深入地從社會、心理、環境、營養、運動的角度來對每個人進行全面的健康保障服務，幫助、指導人們成功有效地維護自身健康。另外，大數據可以對患者健康信息集成整合，在線遠程為診斷和治療提供更好的數據證據，通過挖掘數據對居民健康進行智能化監測，通過移動設備定位數據對居民健康影響因素進行分析等等，進一步提升居民健康管理水平。
在健康危險因素分析方面，互聯網、物聯網、醫療衛生信息系統及相關信息系統等普遍使用，可以系統全面地收集健康危險因素數據，包括環境因素（利用GIS系統採集大氣、土壤、水文等數據），生物因素（包括致病性微生物、細菌、病毒、真菌等的監測數據），經濟社會因素（分析經濟收入、營養條件、人口遷徙、城鎮化、教育就業等因素數據），個人行為和心理因素，醫療衛生服務因素，以及人類生物遺傳因素等，利用大數據技術對健康危險因素進行比對關聯分析，針對不同區域、人群進行評估和遴選健康相關危險因素及製作健康監測評估圖譜和知識庫也成為可能，提出居民健康干預的有限領域和有針對性的干預計劃，促進居民健康水平的提高。

⑤ 孫大文的發表論文

發表論文600多篇，其中被SCI收錄論文高達250多篇 (SCI收錄)：
1. Da-Wen Sun, Inspecting Pizza Topping Percentage and Distribution by a Computer Vision Method, Journal of Food Engineering, 44 [4] (2000) 245-249.
2. Da-Wen Sun, Comparison and Selection of EMC/ERH Isotherm Equations for Rice, Journal of Stored Procts Research, 35 [3] (1999) 249-264.
3. Da-Wen Sun, Comparative Study of the Performance of an Ejector Refrigeration Cycle Operating with Various Refrigerants, Energy Conversion and Management, 40 [8] (1999) 873-884.
4. Da-Wen Sun, The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption System - an Alternative Option for Food Refrigeration, Journal of Food Processing & Preservation, 22 [5] (1998) 371-386.
5. Da-Wen Sun, Selection of EMC/ERH Isotherm Equations for Shelled Corn Based on Fitting to Available Data, Drying Technology, 16 [3/5] (1998) 779-797.
6. Da-Wen Sun, Evaluation of a Combined Ejector-Vapour Compression Refrigeration System, International Journal of Energy Research, 22 (1998) 333-342.
7. Da-Wen Sun, Comparison of the Performances of NH3-H2O, NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Energy Conversion and Management, 39 [5/6] (1998) 357-368.
8. Da-Wen Sun, Computer Simulation and Optimisation of Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Energy Sources, 19 [7] (1997) 677-690.
9. Da-Wen Sun, Experimental Investigation of the Performance Characteristics of a Steam Jet Refrigeration System, Energy Sources, 19 [4] (1997) 349-367.
10. Da-Wen Sun, Solar Powered Combined Ejector-Vapour Compression Cycle for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Energy Conversion and Management, 38 [5] (1997) 479-491.
11. Da-Wen Sun, Thermodynamic Design Data and Optimum Design Maps for Absorption Refrigeration Systems, Applied Thermal Engineering, 17 [3] (1997) 211-221.
12. Da-Wen Sun, Variable Geometry Ejectors and Their Applications in Ejector Refrigeration Systems, Energy, 21 [10] (1996) 919-929.
13. Da-Wen Sun, Thermodynamic Analysis of Two-Stage Metal Hydride Heat Pumps with Different Operating Modes, Applied Energy, 54 [1] (1996) 29-47.
14. Da-Wen Sun, New Methods for Evaluating the Performance of Metal Hydride Heat Pumps, Journal of the Institute of Energy, 68[476] (1995) 121-129.
15. Da-Wen Sun, Designs of Metal Hydride Reactors, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 12 (1992) 945-949. (SCI收錄)：
16. Da-Wen Sun and L. J. Wang, Development of a Mathematical Model for Vacuum Cooling of Cooked Meats, Journal of Food Engineering, 77 [3] (2006) 379-385.
17. Da-Wen Sun and L. Y. Zheng, Vacuum Cooling Technology for the Agri-Food Instry: Past, Present and Future, in Da-Wen Sun and L. Y. Zheng (eds), 「Progress in Bioprocts Processing and Food Safety」, special issue of Journal of Food Engineering, 77 [2] (2006) 203-214.
18. Da-Wen Sun and L. J. Wang, Experimental Investigation of Performance of Vacuum Cooling for Commercial Large Cooked Meat Joints, Journal of Food Engineering, 61 [4] (2004) 527-532.
19. Da-Wen Sun and C. J. Du, Segmentation of Complex Food Images by Stick Growing and Merging Algorithm, in Da-Wen Sun (ed) Computer Vision Applications in the Food Instry, special issue of Journal of Food Engineering, 61 [1] (2004) 17-26.
20. Da-Wen Sun and B. Li, Microstructural Change of Potato Tissues Frozen by Ultrasound-Assisted Immersion Freezing, Journal of Food Engineering, 57 [4] (2003) 337 - 345.
21. Da-Wen Sun and T. Brosnan, Pizza Quality Evaluation Using Computer Vision - Part 2. Pizza Topping Analysis, Journal of Food Engineering, 57 [1] (2003) 91-95.
22. Da-Wen Sun and T. Brosnan, Pizza Quality Evaluation Using Computer Vision - Part 1. Pizza Base and Sauce Spread, Journal of Food Engineering, 57 [1] (2003) 81-89.
23. Da-Wen Sun and L. J. Wang, Heat Transfer Characteristics of Cooked Meats Using Different Cooling Methods, International Journal of Refrigeration, 23 [7] (2000) 508-516.
24. Da-Wen Sun and X. Zhu, Effect of Heat Transfer Direction on the Numerical Prediction of Beef Freezing Processes, Journal of Food Engineering, 42 [1] (1999) 45-50.
25. Da-Wen Sun and Tadhg Brosnan, Extension of the Vase Life of Cut Daffodil Flowers by Rapid Vacuum Cooling, International Journal of Refrigeration, 22 [6] (1999) 472-478.
26. Da-Wen Sun and C. Byrne, Selection of EMC/ERH Isotherm Equations for Rapeseed, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 69 (1998) 307-315.
27. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Deep Bed Simulation of the Cooling of Stored Grain with Ambient Air: A Test Bed for Ventilation Control Strategies, Journal of Stored Procts Research, 33 [4] (1997) 299-312.
28. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Simulation of the Heat and Moisture Transfer Process ring Drying in Deep Grain Beds, Drying Technology, 15[10] (1997) 2479-2508.
29. Da-Wen Sun and I. W. Eames, Optimisation of Ejector Geometry and its Application in Ejector Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Cycles, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 2 [1] (1997) 16-21.
30. Da-Wen Sun, I. W. Eames and S. Aphornratana, Evaluation of a Novel Combined Ejector-Absorption Refrigeration Cycle, 1. Computer Simulation, International Journal of Refrigeration, 19[3] (1996) 172-180.
31. Da-Wen Sun and I. W. Eames, Performance Characteristics of HCFC-123 Ejector Refrigeration Cycles, International Journal of Energy Research, 20[10] (1996) 871-885.
32. Da-Wen Sun and I. W. Eames, Recent Developments in the Design Theories and Applications of Ejectors - A Review, Journal of the Institute of Energy, 68[475] (1995) 65-79.
33. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Low Temperature Moisture Transfer Characteristics of Barley: Thin Layer Models and Equilibrium Isotherms, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 59 (1994) 273-283.
34. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, Low Temperature Moisture Transfer Characteristics of Wheat During Thin Layer Drying, Transactions of the ASAE, 37 (1994) 1919-1926.
35. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, The Selection of Sorption Isotherm Equations for Wheat Based on the Fitting of Available Data, Journal of Stored Procts Research, 30 (1994) 27-43.
36. Da-Wen Sun and J. L. Woods, The Moisture Content/Relative Humidity Equilibrium Relationship of Wheat - A Review, Drying Technology, 11 (1993) 1523-1551.
37. Da-Wen Sun and Roy J. Crawford, Analysis of the Effects of Internal Heating and Cooling During the Rotational Moulding of Plastics, Polymer Engineering & Science, 33 (1993) 132-139.
38. Da-Wen Sun and Roy J. Crawford, Computer Simulation of Rotational Moulding Heat Transfer Processes, Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, 19 (1993) 47-53.
39. Da-Wen Sun, Manfred Groll and Ronald Werner, Selection of Alloys and Their Influence on The Operational Characteristics of a Two-Stage Metal Hydride Heat Transformer, Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, 12 (1992) 49-55.
40. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Major Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate in Metal Hydride Beds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 16 (1991) 751-754.
41. Da-Wen Sun and Yu-Cheng Peng, A Practical Method to Design Hollow Profile Dies, Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications 16 (1991) 109-114.
42. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Theoretical Descriptions and Experimental Measurements on the Effective Thermal Conctivity in Metal Hydride Powder Beds, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 160 (1990) 387-395.
43. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, A Theoretical Model Predicting the Effective Thermal Conctivity in Powdered Metal Hydride Beds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 15 (1990) 331-336.
44. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Numerical Solution of the Two-Dimensional Non-Steady Heat and Mass Transfer Problem in Metal Hydride Beds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 15 (1990) 807-816.
45. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Study of the Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Metal Hydride Beds: A Two-Dimensional Model, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 155 (1989) 271-279.
46. Da-Wen Sun and Song-Jiu Deng, Study of the Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Metal Hydride Beds, Journal of Less-Common Metals, 141 (1988) 37-43. (SCI收錄)：
47. N. A. Valous, K. Drakakis and Da-Wen Sun, Detecting Fractal Power-law Long-range Dependence in Pre-sliced Cooked Pork Ham Surface Intensity Patterns Using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Meat Science, (2010) (in press).
48. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Improving the Representation of Thermal Boundary Conditions of Livestock ring CFD Modelling of the Indoor Environment, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, (2010) (in press).
49. S. Yu, Y. Ma and Da-Wen Sun, Effects of Freezing Rates on Starch Retrogradation and Textural Properties of Cooked Rice ring Storage, LWT - Food Science and Technology, (2010) (in press).
50. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Air Mixing in a Naturally Ventilated Livestock Building with Different Porous Eave Opening Conditions, Biosystems Engineering, (2010) (in press).
51. S. Yu, Y. Ma, L. Menager and Da-Wen Sun, Physicochemical Properties of Starch and Flour from Different Rice Cultivars, Food and Bioprocess Technology, (2010) (in press).
52. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, P. Allen, N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza1and P. Ward, Identification of Important Image Features for Pork and Turkey Ham Classification Using Colour and Wavelet Texture Features and Genetic Selection, Meat Science, 84 [4] (2010) 711–717.
53. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Assessing the Ventilation Performance of A Naturally Ventilated Livestock Building with Different Eave Opening Conditions, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 71 [1] (2010) 7-21.
54. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza and Da-Wen Sun, Emerging Non-contact Imaging, Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Technologies for Quality Evaluation and Control of Hams: A Review, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21 [1] (2010) 26-43.
55. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, P. Allen, K. Brandon and A.-M. White, Correlation of Consumer Assessment of Longissimus Dorsi Beef Palatability with Image Colour, Marbling and Surface Texture Features, Meat Science, 84 [3] (2010) 564–568.
56. A. Iqbal, N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Classification of Pre-sliced Pork and Turkey Ham Qualities Based on Image Colour and Textural Features and Their Relationships with Consumer Responses, Meat Science, 84 [3] (2010) 455–465.
57. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and Paul Allen, Supervised Neural Network Classification of Pre-sliced Cooked Pork Ham Images Using Quaternionic Singular Values, Meat Science, 84 [3] (2010) 422–430.
58. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Optimising the Ventilation Configuration of Naturally Ventilated Livestock Buildings for Improved Indoor Environmental Homogeneity, Building and Environment, 45 [4] (2010) 983-995.
59. N. A. Valous, Da-Wen Sun, P. Allen and F. Mendoza, The Use of Lacunarity for Visual Texture Characterization of Pre-Sliced Cooked Pork Ham Surface Intensities, Food Research International, 43 [1] (2010) 387–395.
60. B. Wang, S. Y. Xu and Da-Wen Sun, Application of the Electronic Nose to the Identification of Different Milk Flavorings, Food Research International, 43 [1] (2010) 255–262.
61. S. Yu, Y. Ma, T. Liu, L. Menager and Da-Wen Sun, Impact of Cooling Rates on the Staling Behavior of Cooked Rice ring Storage, Journal of Food Engineering, 96 [3] (2010) 416-420.
62. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Prediction of Beef Palatability from Colour, Marbling and Surface Texture Features of Longissimus Dorsi, Journal of Food Engineering, 96 [1] (2010) 151-165.
63. F. Mendoza, N. A. Valous, Da-Wen Sun and Paul Allen, Characterization of Fat-Connective Tissue Size Distribution in Pre-sliced Pork Hams Using Multifractal Analysis, Meat Science, 83 [4] (2009) 713-722.
64. S. Yu, Y. Ma and Da-Wen Sun, Impact of Amylose Content on Starch Retrogradation and Texture of Cooked Milled Rice ring Storage, Journal of Cereal Science, 50 [2] (2009) 139-144.
65. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Automatic Segmentation of Beef Longissimus Dorsi Muscle and Marbling by an Adaptable Algorithm, Meat Science, 83 [2] (2009) 187–194.
66. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Comparison of Various Wavelet Texture Features to Predict Beef Palatability, Meat Science, 83 [1] (2009) 82–87.
67. A. E. Delgado, L. Y. Zheng and Da-Wen Sun, Influence of Ultrasound on Freezing Rate of Immersion-frozen Apples, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2 [3] (2009) 263–270.
68. T. Norton, J. Grant, R. Fallon and Da-Wen Sun, Assessing the Ventilation Effectiveness of Naturally Ventilated Livestock Buildings under Wind Dominated Conditions Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Biosystems Engineering, 103 [1] (2009) 78-99.
69. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Comparison of the Predictive Power of Beef Surface Wavelet Texture Features at High and Low Magnification, Meat Science, 82 [3] (2009) 353-356.
70. R. Zhao, E. Chen, M. Lin, Da-Wen Sun and B. Xu, Characteristics of Chamber Temperature Change ring Vacuum Cooling, Journal of Food Process Engineering, 32 [2] (2009) 177-186.
71. Y. Ma and Da-Wen Sun, Hardness of Cooked Rices as Affected by Varieties, Cooling Methods and Chill Storage, Journal of Food Process Engineering, 32 [2] (2009) 161-176.
72. C. J. Du and Da-Wen Sun, Retrospective Shading Correction of Confocal Laser Scanning Micros Beef Images for Three-Dimensional Visualization, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2 [2] (2009) 167-176.
73. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and P. Allen, Texture Appearance Characterization of Pre-Sliced Pork Ham Images Using Fractal Metrics: Fourier Analysis Dimension and Lacunarity, Food Research International, 42 [3] (2009) 353-362.
74. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, C. J. Du and P. Allen, Prediction of Beef Eating Qualities from Colour, Marbling and Wavelet Surface Texture Features using Homogenous Carcass Treatment, Pattern Recognition, 42 [5] (2009) 751-763.
75. T. Norton, A. Delgado, E. Hogan, P. Grace and Da-Wen Sun, Simulation of High Pressure Freezing Processes by Enthalpy Method, Journal of Food Engineering, 91 [2] (2009) 260-268.
76. F. Mendoza, N. A. Valous, P. Allen, T. A. Kenny, P. Ward, and Da-Wen Sun, Analysis and Classification of Commercial Ham Slice Images Using Directional Fractal Dimension Features, Meat Science, 81 [2] (2009) 313-320.
77. N. A. Valous, F. Mendoza, Da-Wen Sun and Paul Allen, Colour Calibration of a Laboratory Computer Vision System for Quality Evaluation of Pre-sliced Hams, Meat Science, 81 [1] (2009) 132-141.
78. W. Wu, H. Zhang and Da-Wen Sun, Mathematical Simulation and Experimental Study of a Modified Zeolite 13X-Water Adsorption Refrigeration Mole, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 [4] (2009) 645-651.
79. L. Drummond, Da-Wen Sun, C. T. Vila and A. G. M. Scannell, Application of Immersion Vacuum Cooling to Water-Cooked Beef Joints – Quality and Safety Assessment, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 42 [1] (2009) 332–337.
80. F. Xu, W.-J. Yu, Da-Wen Sun, X.-Q. Xu and T.-C. Hua, Performance Comparison of Free and Immobilized Chicken Liver Esterase Inhibited by Four Different Pesticides, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88 [14] (2008) 2538-2542.
81. P. Jackman, Da-Wen Sun, C. J. Du, P. Allen and G. Downey, Prediction of Beef Eating Quality from Colour, Marbling and Wavelet Texture Features, Meat Science, 80 [4] (2008) 1273-1281.
82. C. J. Du, Da-Wen Sun, P. Jackman and P. Allen, Development of a Hybrid Image Processing Algorithm for Automatic Evaluation of Intramuscular Fat Content in Beef M. Longissimus dorsi, Meat Science, 80 [4] (2008) 1231-1237.
83. L. Drummond and Da-Wen Sun, Temperature Evolution and Mass Losses ring Immersion Vacuum Cooling of Cooked Beef Joints – a Finite Difference Model, Meat Science, 80 [3] (2008) 885-891.
84. L. Drummond and Da-Wen Sun, Immersion Vacuum Cooling of Cooked Beef - Safety and Process Considerations Regarding Beef Joint Size, Meat Science, 80 [3] (2008) 738-743.
85. Y. Xu, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun and G.-Y. Zhou, Experimental Study and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Frozen Rabbit Aorta by Fracture Mechanics Approach, Journal of Biomechanics, 41 [3] (2008) 649-655.
86. Y. Ma, L. Lin and Da-Wen Sun, Preparation of High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptide by Proteolysis of Corn Gluten Meal, Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 26 [1] (2008) 31-40.
87. C. J. Du and Da-Wen Sun, Multi-Classification of Pizza Using Computer Vision and Support Vector Machine, Journal of Food Engineering, 86 [2] (2008) 234–242.
88. T. Norton and Da-Wen Sun, Recent Advances in the Use of High Pressure as an Effective Processing Technique in the Food Instry, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1 [1] (2008) 2-34.
89. Q. F. Cheng and Da-Wen Sun, Important Factors Affecting the Water Holding Capacity of Red Meat Procts: A Review of Recent Research Advances, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48 [1] (2008) 1–23.
90. P. Barreiro, C. Zheng, Da-Wen Sun, N. Hernández-Sánchez, J. M. Pérez-Sánchez and J. Ruiz-Cabello, Non-Destructive Seed Detection in Mandarines: Comparison of Automatic Threshold Methods in FLASH and COMSPIRA MRIs, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 47 [2] (2008) 189–198.
91. L. Guo, Y. Ma, Da-Wen Sun and P. Wang, Effects of Controlled Freezing-Point Storage at 0oC on Quality of Green Bean as Compared with Cold and Room-Temperature Storages, Journal of Food Engineering, 86 [1] (2008) 25-29.
92. Z. W. Cui, L. J. Sun, W. Chen and Da-Wen Sun, Preparation of Dry Honey by Microwave-Vacuum Drying, Journal of Food Engineering, 84 [4] (2008) 582-590.
93. D. Wu, Y. He, S. Feng, and Da-Wen Sun, Study on Infrared Spectros Technique for Fast Measurement of Protein Content in Milk Powder Based on LS-SVM, Journal of Food Engineering, 84 [1] (2008) 124-131.
94. Y. Xu, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun, G.-Y. Zhou and F. Xu, Effects of Freezing Rates and Dimethyl Sulphoxide Concentrations on Thermal Expansion of Rabbit Aorta ring Freezing Phase Change as Measured by Thermo Mechanical Analysis, Journal of Biomechanics, 40 [14] (2007) 3201-3206.
95. P. F. Yang, X. Wang, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun, Z. H. Chang and Y. L. Cao, Water Transport ring Freezing of Human Dermal Fibroblast as Affected by Various Freezing Rates, Cell Preservation Technology, 5 [3] (2007) 137-143.
96. C. J. Du and Da-Wen Sun, Food Image Segmentation Using an Improved Kernel Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm, Transactions of the ASABE, 50 [4] (2007) 1341-1348.
97. X. Wang, T.-C. Hua, Da-Wen Sun, B. Liu, G. Yang and Y. Cao, Cryopreservation of Tissue-Engineered Dermal Replacement in Me2SO: Toxicity Study and Effects of Concentration and Cooling Rates on Cell Viability, Cryobiology, 55 [1] (2007) 60-65.
98. Y. Li, S. Y. Xu and Da-Wen Sun, Preparation of Garlic Powder with High Allicin Content by Using Combined Microwave-Vacuum and Vacuum Drying as well as Microencapsulation, Journal of Food Engineering, 83 [1] (2007) 76-83.
99. A. E. Delgado and Da-Wen Sun, Influence of Surface Water Activity on Freezing/Thawing Times and Weight Loss, Journal of Food Engineering, 83 [1] (2007) 23-30.
100. T. Jeliński, C. J. Du, Da-Wen Sun and J. Fornal, Inspection of the Distribution and Amount of Ingredients in Pasteurized Cheese by Computer Vision, Journal of Food Engineering, 83 [1] (2007) 3-9.
等約600篇.

⑥ 本人畢設是關於電磁兼容的，要對PADS軟體的原理圖進行EMC模擬，請問用什麼軟體比較好，對電腦硬體要求高不

吐槽！！！！！！！！
本來不想理你的！
實話告訴你，我找好久了沒找到！
算了 還是不想說了 你繼續狂！

⑦ 完全不會用EI 求人幫忙 請利用EI的作者檢索集美大學理學院游榮義教授有多少篇論文被EI收錄

1. Polarizability and abnormal infrared spectra of molecules adsorbed on metal nanostructured surfaces
Huang, Xiao-Jing (Department of Physics, School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); You, Rong-Yi; Wang, Xiu-Lin; Fu, Xiao-Ming; Zhu, Hui-Li Source: Optoelectronics Letters, v 6, n 6, p 473-476, November 2010
Database: Compendex
2. Local electric field and configuration of CO molecules adsorbed on a nanostructured surface with nanocones
You, Rong-Yi (Department of Physics, School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Huang, Xiao-Jing Source: Chinese Physics B, v 18, n 9, p 3970-3974, 2009
Database: Compendex
3. A novel noise-removed algorithm for tagging effects in intermolecular multiple-quantum coherence magnetic resonance images
Lin, Tao (School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Lei, Guo-Wei; You, Rong-Yi; Chen, Zhong Source: ITME2009 - Proceedings 2009 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Ecation, p 394-396, 2009, ITME2009 - Proceedings 2009 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Ecation
Database: Compendex
4. Performance analysis of quasi OSTBC combining pre-coding and antenna selection
Lei, Guo-Wei (School of Science, Research Center of Complex Systems, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Zhuang, Ming-Jie; You, Rong-Yi Source: Proceedings - 2009 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, MAPE 2009, p 726-728, 2009, Proceedings - 2009 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, MAPE 2009
Database: Compendex
5. A new method of phase sapce analysis of EEG signal
You, Rong-Yi (Dept. of Compl. Sci. and Appl. Phys., Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong; Xu, Shen-Chu; Wu, Bo-Xi Source: Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, v 23, n 4, p 365-369, August 20, 2004 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
6. Calculation of the approximate entropy and the information entropy of EEG in phase space
You, Rong-Yi (Dept. of Comp. Sci. and Appl. Phys., Jimei Univ., Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong Source: Jisuan Wuli/Chinese Journal of Computational Physics, v 21, n 4, p 341-344, July 2004 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
7. Fast algorithm of blind signal separation based on ICA
You, Rong-Yi (Dept. of Comp. Sci. and Appl. Phys., Jimei Univ., Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong Source: Tien Tzu Hsueh Pao/Acta Electronica Sinica, v 32, n 4, p 669-672, April 2004 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex
8. Blind source separation of multichannel electroencephalogram based on wavelet transform and ICA
You, Rong-Yi (Department of Physics, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China); Chen, Zhong Source: Chinese Physics, v 14, n 11, p 2176-2180, November 1, 2005
Database: Compendex
9. A neural network method of blind separation and classification of EEG signals
You, Rong-Yi (Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China); Chen, Zhang Source: Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, v 22, n 5, p 428-432+409, October 20, 2003 Language: Chinese
Database: Compendex

後面是幾個中文的，中文題目如下
游榮義，陳忠. 基於小波變換的盲信號分離的神經網路方法. 儀器儀表學報, 26(4):415-418 (2005). EI Accession number: 05259171861
游榮義，陳忠. 相空間中腦電近似熵和信息熵的計算. 計算物理, 21(4):341-344 (2004). EI Accession number: 04458452092
游榮義，陳忠. 一種基於ICA的盲信號分離快速演算法. 電子學報, 32(4):669-672 (2004). EI Accession number: 04318296292
游榮義，陳忠，徐慎初，吳伯僖. 一種腦電信號相空間分析的新方法. 中國生物醫學工程學報, 23(4):365-369 (2004). EI Accession number: 04428413766
游榮義，陳忠. 一種EEG信號盲分離和分類的神經網路方法. 中國生物醫學工程學報, 22(5):428–432+409 (2003). EI Accession number: 04017800606

具體的全文根據題目可以在網上搜到吧，希望能夠幫助到你

⑧ 通信類英文論文、英文文獻

基於WIN CE的ADSL線路參數研究
ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=jDmiKarm_EMC&dq=ADSL&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oJXbatzNWO&sig=fyomvlADYeB7NRS2gjTJAfpSapQ

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=HsXaS5y6SZoC&dq=ADSL&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=EdCHuJT2WG&sig=QnNSogd7OIvYS7Z6Vr2UYal4iw8
--------------
Windows CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version 6.0[2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH processors.

Features
Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a 「closed」 system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time.

Microsoft has stated that the 『CE』 is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for 『Consumer Electronics』 or 『Compact Edition』; users often disparagingly called it 「Wince」.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including 「Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.」[5] The first version, known ring development under the codename 「Pegasus」, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the day.

Since then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile 5.0, Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many instrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game consoles.

A distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then procts like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form only.

Development tools

Visual Studio
Late versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, procing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and VB.NET, but not Managed C++.

Platform Builder
This programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named below.

Embedded Visual C++ (eVC)
The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity setup.

Relationship to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhone
Often Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a molar/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these moles provide subsets of other components' features (e.g. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, however.

Windows Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective devices.

Pocket PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for procing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable size.

The SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers proctivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger display.

Windows Mobile 5 supports USB 2.0 and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash drive.

Competing procts
Competitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and Access.

The secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating systems.

Being an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the competition.

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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi (5.5 km) [William Stallings' book].

At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP Colossus.

The distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, i.e. it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction.

There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home users

How ADSL works
On the wire
Currently, most ADSL communication is full plex. Full plex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division plex (FDD), echo canceling plex (ECD), or time division plexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL connection.

Vendors may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same bundle.

There is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the molation method used.

[edit] Molation
ADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, G.992.1 and G.992.2 (also called G.dmt and G.lite respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT molation scheme.

Annexes J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL usage.

While the ADSL access utilizes the 1.1 MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the 2.2 MHz band.

The downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.

[edit] Installation issues
Due to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL connection.

In the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procere is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer premises.

A side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.

⑨ 尋論文《阿里巴巴網站成功案例分析》

1,阿里巴巴本身就是個例子： 阿里巴巴是全球B2B電子商務的著名品牌,是目前全球最大的商務交流社區和網上交易市場。他曾兩次被哈佛大學商學院選為MBA案例，在美國學術界掀起研究熱潮，兩次被美國權威財經雜志《福布斯》選為全球最佳B2B站點之一，多次被相關機構評全球最受歡迎的B2B網站、中國商務類優秀網站、中國百家優秀網站、中國最佳貿易網，被國內外媒體、矽谷和國外風險投資家譽為與Yahoo， Amazon， eBay，AOL比肩的五大互聯網商務流派代表之一。其創始人、首席執行官馬雲也被著名的"世界經濟論壇"選為"未來領袖"、被美國亞洲商業協會選為"商業領袖"，並曾多次應邀為全球著名高等學府麻省理工學院、沃頓商學院、哈佛大學講學，是50年來第一位成為《福布斯》封面人物的中國企業家。

也許是取決於「良好的定位，穩固的結構，優秀的服務」，阿里巴巴如今巳成為全球首家擁有210萬商人的電子商務網站，成為全球商人網路推廣的首選網站，被商人們評為"最受歡迎的B2B網站"，傑出的成績使阿里巴巴受到各界人士的關注。WTO首任總幹事薩瑟蘭出任阿里巴巴顧問，美國商務部、日本經濟產業省、歐洲中小企業聯合會等政府和民間機構均向本地企業推薦阿里巴巴。

"傾聽客戶的聲音，滿足客戶的需求"也許是阿里巴巴生存與發展的根基，根據相關的調查顯示：阿里巴巴的網上會員近五成是通過口碑相傳得知阿里巴巴並使用阿里巴巴；各行業會員通過阿里巴巴商務平台雙方達成合作者占總會員比率近五成。

在產品與服務方面，阿里巴巴公司為中國優秀的出口型生產企業提供在全球市場的"中國供應商"專業推廣服務。中國供應商是依託世界級的網上貿易社區，順應國際采購商網上商務運作的趨勢，推薦中國優秀的出口商品供應商，獲取更多更有價值的國際訂單。截至2003年5月底加盟企業達到近3000家。目前已經有70%的被推薦企業已在網上成交，眾多類別市場名額已滿。2002年3月開始為全球注冊會員提供進入誠信商務社區的通行證-"誠信通"服務。阿里巴巴積極倡導誠信電子商務，與鄧白氏、ACP、華夏、新華信等國際國內著名的企業資信調查機構合作推出電子商務信用服務，幫助企業建立網上誠信檔案，通過認證、評價、記錄、檢索、反饋等信用體系，提高網上交易的效率和成功的機會。每月贏收以雙位數增長。 阿里巴巴以50萬元人民幣創業資本起步，吸納了國際資本2500萬美元，經過3年的發展，於2001年底實現當月盈利，2002年實現每月收入雙位數的增長，實現全年盈利，從而保證對客戶的持久服務能力。

下面是對阿里巴巴公司商業的模式進行分析。

阿里巴巴的營運模式是遵循一個循序漸進的過程。首先抓住基礎的，然後在實施過程中不斷捕捉新出現的收入機會。從最基礎的替企業架設站點，到隨之而來的網站推廣，以及對在線貿易資信的輔助服務，交易本身的訂單管理，不斷延伸。出色贏利模式符合：贏利的強有力，可持續，可拓展。

1、架設企業站點

很少有企業把它理解為是一項重要的業務，理由在於這是一個高度離散的行業。你可以很從容的獲得一個或者幾個製作企業站點的機會，但不等於能夠獲得很多。這里存在收入收集上的困難。有一些公司主營這項業務，它們往往將業務定格在高端客戶。阿里巴巴是一個很大的商業社區站點，這就是說它有與許多潛在顧客頻繁接觸的機會。更重要的是它能順利的把潛在機會轉化為現實收入。阿里巴巴的目標受眾每年都要參加許多類似廣交會之類的展銷會議，這時候阿里巴巴的工作人員就出現了，有一些低成本的推廣活動。線上與線下的營業推廣相結合，實踐證明能有效的收集商業機會。中小企業存在很大的伸縮性，這是說業務流程和業務規模都在迅速的發生變化。有時候它或許會找鄰居幫助設計一個主頁，這在當時可能已經足夠了，但是很快它就有了更高的需求，這就超過了鄰居的能力。阿里巴巴則有能力提供從低端到高端所有的站點解決方案。它能在企業的成長過程中獲得全部收益。更大的優勢在於製作商品交易市場型的站點。阿里巴巴只是替商品交易市場做一個外觀主頁，然後將其鏈接在自己的分類目錄下。交易市場有了一個站點，實際上這和阿里巴巴的站點是同一個站點，這就提高了被檢索的機會。網頁設計畢竟是一項傾向於勞動密集型的業務。網站設計其實和開發應用程序沒有什麼不同，這是說存在國際轉包的內在需求，這和印度班加羅爾的故事相同。這也解釋阿里巴巴為什麼把它的人手更多集中在勞動力成本相對低廉的杭州。國際轉包的實現除了需要品牌，還要有對應的機構設置。無疑，阿里巴巴一直就是往這一方向走。

2、站點推廣

對於網站的媒體定為一直十分模糊，它應當是廣播式的，還是特定用戶檢索式的？其他從事於企業站點設計的公司存在一個很大的問題，沒有對應的推廣能力。而網站設計一旦完成，推廣是自然需求。網站實際上是另一種媒體，廣告收入對大多數網站都很重要。無論一些針對企業的服務是否被稱之為廣告。廣播式的模式容易讓人理解，但是邏輯上我們更傾向於檢索式的。原因很簡單，網站首頁的空間是有限的，換句話說注意力本身是一種稀缺資源。一些站點的合適位置已經充滿了形式各異的廣告，我們忍不住困惑，增長的潛力在那裡？如果我們定義為檢索式的，這同時就表明了有幾乎無限可供銷售的廣告位置。這好像就是最初網站在股市受到追捧的原因。跟大多數人的認識相反，中小企業存在很強烈的營銷願望。這一願望沒有更多轉化為現實的理由是：首先通常營銷的費用超過了中小企業可承受的范圍。其次以前並不存在相應很好的方式。在阿里巴巴今天的收入中，站點推廣的收入佔了一半還多。「中國供應商」和「網上有名」。 「中國供應商」面對的是出口型的企業，「網上有名」則針對內銷或工廠的出口主要以買斷形式進行的那一種。其中的價格依據是，如果某家企業願意以3萬人民幣的價格租賃兩周的廣交會展銷攤位，那麼它為似乎也會願意以同樣的價格購置一年的在線展銷時段。今年這一價格已經上升到4萬。對於一個新生事物，某種意義上阿里巴巴要證明服務的有效性。阿里巴巴有一個系統服務的思維。除了在網站上的頁面設置，還可以通過「商情快遞」郵件雜志，檢索上的優先派序。至少它能證明付費的顧客要比免費的客戶有更多的機會。有人願意以6萬人民幣的價格，以便獲得更多的服務內容。

3、誠信通

網路可能是虛擬的，但貿易本身必須是真實的。信用分析是企業的日常工作。這很好解釋，網友們在拍賣網站上的交易並不是每一次都那麼如意。易趣的統計表明在同通過身份認證但只有少數交易經歷的所謂一星級顧客交易中，有6%最終受到了投訴。都一樣，企業間交易存在相似的壓力，所不同的是企業對此有更高的敏感性。在線貿易一方面體現了采購行為更充份的競爭性，另一方面企業對網路信息本身充滿了質疑。「誠信通」作為一項服務不難理解。可以在「誠信通」上出示第三方對其的評估，企業在阿里巴巴的交易記錄也有據可循。問題是這項服務本身是否會非常成功。阿里巴巴顯然是希望所有的注冊會員都使用這項付費的服務，最起碼新注冊的用戶是如此。這個問題的確非常有趣。如果這一預想符合了現實，大多數的企業都購買了「誠信通」，那麼意味剩下少數也會購買，即便不購買也不再重要。每個「誠信通」的價格都很便宜，但對網站而言幾乎不存在成本。這就是說阿里巴巴的運營業績將會非常的成功。另一種可能是只有少數企業購買了，這就存在用戶流失的問題。類似於阿里巴巴模式的網站今天多如牛毛。阿里巴巴的認識是，首先他們在前期的努力已經吸納了國際貿易中最活躍的顧客群。另一方面在線交易本身必須實現其嚴肅性。「如果某一商人在支付最基本的費用上都存在問題，那麼他根本就沒有資格從事生意本身。」我想這一邏輯應該被認為是正確的。

4、貿易通

貿易通是阿里巴巴網站新推出的一項服務，它的功能主要有以下幾項：和百萬商人安全、可靠地進行即時在線溝通、互動；結識、管理自己的商業夥伴，開展一對一的在線營銷；強大的商務搜索引擎，搜盡天下商機；"服務熱線"為誠信通會員即時解答網路貿易疑問,方便享受高質量的在線客戶服務。其界面有點類似於常用的聊天工具QQ，非常友好且使用簡單。不過，有關「貿易通」的收費一直沒有行動起來，但這卻是最初也是最重要的願望。阿里巴巴的定義是從企業的每一次日常交易中抽取傭金，這在前期被輿論認為是不可能的，原因在於B2B貿易存在重復交易，企業通常不會一次就更換一家供應商。這樣企業很容易繞開任何中介。這又是一個沒有思維，就迅速下判斷的例子。當然並不是這樣的。「貿易通」可以理解為是一種訂單管理軟體。我想很多IT評論人都忽略了阿里巴巴這一項服務，實際上它對阿里巴巴未來的潛在影響最大，絕對不能看成電子郵件的豪華版。這里有一個觀念上的不同，產品重要的是需求，而不是技術表述。「貿易通」則解決了這所有的問題。而且操作中存在很強的可行性，可以通過短消息捆綁按次計費。這一服務所面臨的價格敏感性很小，而且存在一個很大的數量。「貿易通」則延伸了企業軟體託管的思路。2， 阿里巴巴電子商務網站Linux應用案例 解決之道阿里巴巴在2003年年初開始啟動是資料庫升遷項目。3月底引進基於Linux平台的Oracle9i集群資料庫(Oracle9iRAC)，4月初開始安裝，到4月底便成功上線。新的資料庫集群是以Dell 6650為硬體伺服器、存儲伺服器採用Dell/EMC CX200存儲陣列、以Red Hat Linux Advanced Server 2.1為操作系統、資料庫採用Oracle9i集群資料庫，採用三層架構，部署兩個節點的集群系統。在從原有系統向新系統遷移數據時，按數據的不同特徵進行，不僅能夠快速遷移數據，並且大大減少了由於系統遷移而可能造成的停機時間。阿里巴巴資料庫項目主管魯國良先生說：「我們原有系統採用的資料庫也是Oracle資料庫，只不過它是基於Linux的單機資料庫，因此，在數據遷移過程中，幾乎沒有遇到大問題。由於Oracle9iRAC在節點間信息交換的性能有了很大的改進，使得我們在從原來的單機系統升級到集群系統時，幾乎不需要更改應用，新系統得到快速部署，一個月之內就能夠上線。」應用效益魯先生說：「通過採用2個節點的集群系統，我們能夠很好地避免在升級Linux系統時可能出現的停機現象。Linux仍在迅速發展之中，其內核技術更新快，為了及時獲得Linux更先進的功能，我們需要及時升級Linux內核技術。由於Exos中的資料庫集群採用的是2個節點的集群系統，我們可以先對集群中的一個節點升級其Linux內核，然後再升級另一個節點，在此過程中，系統完全能夠正常運行。藉助基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫(Oracle9iRAC)的強大功能，系統的管理工作變得簡單得多，並且能夠有效彌補Linux操作系統的一些不足，在降低應用成本的同時，獲得強大的性能。」在性能與成本之間獲得很好的平衡，全面滿足網站的應用需求。採用基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫(Oracle9iRAC)作為Exos的資料庫平台，阿里巴巴既能夠充分利用Linux平台的低成本優勢，同時能夠獲得Oracle9i資料庫強大的性能優勢，獲得對網站發展至關重要的系統性能、安全性、可靠性和可擴展性。性能提高60%。以基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫為動力的「Exos」投入使用後，成功地把阿里巴巴網站性能提高了60%。系統在投入使用後不久，中國部分地區遭受「非典」襲擊，為了盡可能避免相互接觸，企業紛紛轉向網上交易，作為中國最主要的商業網站之一，阿里巴巴成為廣大企業進行交易的平台，日交易從「非典」前的4千~5千筆迅速攀升到6月初的9千~1萬2千筆。「Exos」的及時投入使用，為阿里巴巴從容應對快速增長的交易量提供了強大的動力，幫助阿里巴巴及時把握住新的發展機遇。系統管理簡單化。藉助Oracle9iRAC先進的Data Guard技術，阿里巴巴能夠簡化資料庫的管理工作。Oracle9i Data Guard能夠維護關鍵數據的實時拷貝，從而能夠防止由於各種原因引起的數據丟失。工作區之間強大的轉接和轉回能力，使得硬體和操作系統的維護更為容易，同時又降低了宕機時間。比如，在過去，當主資料庫和備用資料庫的網路出現異常時，往往需要採用手工方式復制Archive Log，並應用到備用系統，工作量相當大，現在，這些工作都能夠自動完成。大大減少宕機時間。藉助基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫(Oracle9iRAC)的高可用性，阿里巴巴無論是升級Linux內核還是升級應用，都不需要關閉系統，有效減少了計劃內停機時間。同時，集群系統中兩個節點互為備份，大幅度減少了意外停機的時間。減少測試環境和實際應用環境的差異，提高系統部署的效率。現在，Linux已成為成長型企業的首選應用開發和測試平台，比如在Linux系統上運行開發資料庫，而在其它系統上運行產品資料庫，結果是在開發、測試、產品應用平台之間存在著差異。這種差異往往會影響到系統部署時的投入。阿里巴巴通過採用基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫(Oracle9iRAC)作為產品資料庫，有效地縮小了這些差異，使很多測試工作變得真正有意義，直接用於產品應用平台，從而提高系統的部署效率。為什麼選擇ORACLE在談及選擇基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫的原因時，魯先生說：「Oracle9i集群資料庫在性能、安全性、24x7高可用性、穩定性方面都很好地滿足了我們的應用需求，特別是它強大的易擴展性，尤其適合阿里巴巴快速發展的特點。另一方面，Oracle公司對Linux的積極態度和支持力度以及在Linux平台上不斷實現的性能突破，堅定了我們採用Linux的信心，使我們既能夠滿足電子商務網站對性能和安全性的高要求，同時也能夠很好地解決了成本控制的問題，這對我們成長型企業來說至關重要。基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫使我們能夠以較低的成本在Linux平台上獲得企業級的性能、可靠性和可擴展性，在Linux平台上運行網站的關鍵應用系統。其強大的集群能力，使我們能夠在以後交易量上升到一定程度需要增加系統容量時，只需簡單地增加節點，完全不需要更改應用，我們獲得了一個真正按需部署的系統。」未來計劃我們將繼續關注Oracle在Linux方面的合作以及技術的發展。隨著阿里巴巴業務的不斷發展，我們將充分利用「Exos」系統成功應用基於Linux的Oracle9i集群資料庫的經驗，改善其它應用系統，逐步把這些系統遷移到Oracle平台上。