心梗論文

A. 心肌梗死型冠心病患者的護理開題報告怎麼寫

你好啊，你的心肌梗死型冠心病患者的護理開題報告選題定了沒？開題報告選題老師同意了嗎？准備往哪個方向寫？
你的開題報告格式要求下載下來了沒有？學校開題報告要求看了沒有？因為每個學校開題報告格式要求都是不一樣的？
最後祝你選題順利通過

第一，你要寫什麼
這個重點要進行已有文獻綜述，把有關的題目方面的已經有的國內外研究認真介紹一下（先客觀介紹情況，要如實陳述別人的觀點），然後進行評述（後主觀議論，加以評估，說已有研究有什麼不足），說現在有了這些研究，但還有很多問題值得研究。其中要包括你選題將要探討的問題。由於目前研究不足，所以你要研究。所以，你的碩士論文要寫什麼是根據文獻綜述得出來的，而不是你想寫什麼就寫什麼。如果不做綜述，很可能你的選題早被別人做得很深了。

第二，為什麼要寫這個
這個主要是說明你這個選題的意義。可以說在理論上，你發現別人有什麼不足和研究空白，所以你去做，就有理論價值了。那麼你要說清楚你從文獻綜述中選出來的這個題目在整個相關研究領域占什麼地位。這就是理論價值。
然後你還可以從實際價值去談。就是這個題目可能對現實有什麼意義，可能在實際中派什麼用場等等。

第三，如何寫
在開題報告里你還應當說清楚你選了這個題目之後如何去解決這個問題。就是有了問題，你准備怎麼去找答案。要說一下你大致的思路，同時，重點闡述你要用什麼方法去研究。如文獻分析法、訪談法、問卷法、定量研究、實驗研究、理論分析、模型檢驗等等。

在上述三個方面中間，文獻綜述是重點。沒有文獻綜述，你就無法找到自己的題目，也不知道這個題目別人已經做得怎麼樣了，所以你要認真進行綜述。當然，綜述的目的還是引出你自己的話題，所以不能忘記評述喲。

B. 一篇關於心臟病的小論文，要求覆蓋所有與心臟有關的疾病，求指正！

呵呵……

1，結構上，第一部分說心臟病，第二部分版說心臟疾病與猝死，第三部分預防猝死，那麼權你如何定義猝死呢？

2，第一部分里，分先天性/後天性沒有錯，風濕性心臟病和肺（源）性心臟病是否也屬於後天性呢？心肌病你如何分類呢？

3，先天性心臟病多數為散發，所以2應該也加上可能

4，呵呵……有醫學背景尚且很難知道所有跟心臟有關的疾病，況且你個沒有醫學背景的？好多表述不清，術語不對……「主動脈夾層」可以累及冠脈，「川崎病」一類表現就是累及冠脈，很多目前尚認識不了的各種綜合症：21三體就不說了，Noonan，Marfan，等等等等

5，心臟外傷呢？感染性心內膜炎呢？

6，預防猝死……猝死沒有明確定義……先天性心臟病可能猝死，大量心包積液可以猝死，外傷不說了，肥厚性心肌病可以猝死，主動脈夾層可以猝死……

7，最關鍵的，你寫這篇文章想要說個啥問題？最後結論如果是感冒運動與心源性猝死，大可不必鋪這么大范圍。

C. 李敏的代表論文

1．李敏，王碩仁，趙明鏡，王振濤．心梗後心衰大鼠心肌細胞凋亡時相回變化特點觀察．中國病答理生理雜志，2000 16（10）：995
2．李敏，王碩仁，趙明鏡，呂希瀅，王振濤．活血、益氣方葯對心梗後心力衰竭大鼠血流動力學的影響．北京中醫葯大學學報，2001 24（4）：37
3．李敏，趙明鏡，王碩仁，呂希瀅．活血、益氣方葯對心肌梗死後心力衰竭大鼠心肌細胞凋亡的影響．中西醫結合心腦血管病雜志 ，2005 3（1）：33
4．李敏，林蘭，倪青，等.糖心平對糖尿病大鼠心肌組織糖化終產物受體mRNA表達的調節
中醫基礎醫學雜志 2007 13（3）：206-207
5．李敏，林蘭，倪青，等.糖心平對實驗性糖尿病心肌病變血管緊張素Ⅱ及其1型受體mRNA變化的影響. 醫學研究雜志 2007 36（4）：31-33
6.李敏，張亞強，王炎，等. 丹蒲膠囊對自身免疫性前列腺炎大鼠炎性因子的影響．中國中西醫結合雜志，2008，28（11）：1018-1021
7.李敏，林蘭，倪青，等．糖心平膠囊對糖尿病大鼠心肌超微結構、血管緊張素Ⅱ及其1 型受體的影響．中西醫結合學報，2008，11.

D. 心肌梗塞是很嚴重的病么決定不做手術回家吃葯治療能行么會不會對生命有什麼影響

病情分析：
你好，心肌梗塞是比較嚴重的。需要冠狀動脈造影檢查看看。
指導意見：
一般情況下早期溶栓治療可以成功的可能性很大。如果不能成功需要按支架或者搭橋手術治療。
醫生詢問：

E. 求一篇關於懷念已故親人的文章

我的好朋友剛剛因為心梗離去，朋友們都悲傷至極，我在美篇製作了紀念像冊，寫了一小段文字來表達大家的懷念之情，發給你參考

F. 老人家心肌梗塞，冠心病心絞痛！晚上睡覺老是痛，請問正確姿勢能躺下嗎之前看的類似一篇說這個的文章忘

老年人患了心肌梗塞，冠心病心絞痛是有原因的，根據我們大量臨床探知，原因是老人的脊專柱、胸椎出現了問屬題，影響到胸髓的神經。神經通過灰白交通支放電引起人體胸部交感神經興奮，通過交感神經支配心臟的血管，讓心臟血管收縮，可以誘發或加重心肌缺血、心絞痛。心臟可以因為快速的血管痙攣缺血疼痛，所以能否以正確姿勢躺下，要看脊柱的損害的程度，要做一個脊柱的正側位片和胸椎的磁共振來判定什麼姿勢適合老人的休息狀態，同時老人的心絞痛、心肌缺血普通的打針吃葯肯定解決不了問題。但是做脊柱的整幅神經調控，完全可以解決心肌缺血問題解決問題，正確的脊柱梳理可以緩解病人的心絞痛心肌缺血。

G. 心血管的英文論文以及翻譯

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased graally, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients.
CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2)> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2) renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / (min.1.73m2) will need dialysis treatment.

GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水鈉瀦留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水鈉瀦留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, ring dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease.

1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / (min.1.73m2) at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that e to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can rece chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1].

In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same.

And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to rece CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance.

1.1 Failure cardiovascular disease

CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure.

1.2 Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation

Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion.

1.3 of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy

Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria indivial a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis.

1.4 Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease

We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of recing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members

翻譯.. 慢性腎病是心血管疾病的危險因素

慢性腎病（CKD）是值得廣泛關注的公共健康，發病率逐漸上升，同時帶來了嚴重的後果和問題。我們注意到腎衰病人的主要是透析和腎移植，但是很少有學者關注CKD與心血管疾病（CVD）的關系。現已認為CKD也與CVD有關，且比急性進展中的腎功能衰竭更容易死於心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常見的死亡原因〔1〕。認識到CKD是CVD的高危因素這一點，是很重要的。只有這樣，才有可能進行深入，進而尋求相關的預防和治療措施，使這些病人獲得更大益處。
CKD是指由腎活檢或有關的標志物證實的腎功損害＞3個月，或GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）＞3個月。一般依據病和病因學分為糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植後腎病。腎功能損害可通過腎活檢或相關的標志物如蛋白尿、異常尿沉積物、影像學異常等來診斷。蛋白尿不僅可以證明CKD的存在，亦可成為腎病類型診斷的重要依據，並與腎臟疾病的嚴重程度和心血管疾病的有關。尿白蛋白與肌酐比率或總蛋白與肌酐比率可用於評估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）作為腎功損害的臨界值，該水平GFR往往預示腎衰的開始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的發生及危險程度。GFR＜15ml/（min.1.73m2）則需要透析治療。

GKD尤其是終末腎病（ESRD）患者，CVD危險明顯增加，一般通過血管樹來實現的。ESRD與動脈粥樣硬化可能互為因果關系，一方面粥樣硬化加速腎病進展，另一方面ESRD惡化是許多傳統粥樣硬化的危險因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本類型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的兩種亞型是動脈粥樣硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD對這兩種亞型均有作用。動脈粥樣硬化主要以斑塊形成和閉塞為主，CKD中動脈粥樣硬化發生率很高而且范圍更廣，彌漫的粥樣硬化明顯增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速腎功能惡化。動脈粥樣硬化可導致動脈壁基質增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心臟病如心絞痛、心梗和猝死，以及腦血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比較常見的。最初認為透析病人出現缺血性心臟病可能繼發於容易超載、左室肥厚和小動脈病變，導致氧供減少。但是後來的研究發現，在前促紅素區域，血紅蛋白水平低，說明亦可能與缺血有關。CKD病人大血管重塑發生率亦較高，血管重塑可導致壓力超載，通過管壁增厚和管壁與內腔比值增高或者流量超載來實現，但主要以增加的管壁直徑和厚度為主。血管重塑常常使動脈順應性下降，導致收縮壓增加、脈壓增大、左室肥厚和冠脈灌注減少〔3，4〕。動脈順應性下降和脈壓增大均為透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的獨立危險因素〔5〕。由於透析期間水鈉瀦留可通過超濾得到治療，透析病人心衰的診斷比較困難，但血壓下降、疲勞、食慾減退等徵象，可作為心衰診斷的重要線索；另一方面，水鈉瀦留更能反映超濾不合適，而不是心衰或心衰合並超濾不恰當。實際上，透析期間超濾不合適的原因之一就是高血壓，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人預後不良的重要指標，這往往提示病人心血管疾病正在進展。

1 慢性腎病的心血管疾病危險因素

眾所周知，患腎臟疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上歸因於腎病所致的高血壓、血脂異常和貧血，但可能導致粥樣斑塊破裂的原因還不是很清楚。輕到中度CKD病人血管事件危險明顯增高，而當GFR＜45ml/（min.1.73m2）時這種危險更大。近期有關研究認為因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性腎病病人心梗後的危險，如沒有明顯禁忌證，建議常規〔6〕。而在一般情況下，慢性腎病應用ACEI或ARBs治療要慎重，既要了解應用的益處，又要考慮到血壓、腎功能、血電解質變化和可能的葯物間相互作用，如出現腎功能下降、血鉀增高等就必須停葯〔1〕。

在CKD中把CVD的危險因素分為傳統和非傳統兩種，傳統的危險因素主要指用於評估有症狀缺血性心臟病的因素，如年齡、糖尿病、收縮性高血壓、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，這些因素與心血管疾病的關系與一般人是一致的。

而界定非傳統危險因素需要滿足如下條件：（1）促進CVD發展的生物學方面的合理性；（2）危險因素升高與腎病嚴重程度相關的證據；（3）揭示CKD中CVD與危險因素關系的相關證據；（4）有對照組中危險因素經治療後CVD降低的證據。目前已確定的非傳統危險因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化應激、異常脂血症、與粥樣硬化有關的增高的炎症標志物〔7〕。近來研究發現，透析病人氧化應激和炎症標志物水平明顯高於一般人群。氧化應激和炎症有可能成為基本的介質，而其他因素如貧血與心肌病有關，鈣磷代謝異常與血管重塑和血管順應性下降有關。

1.1 腎衰中心血管疾病

透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出現急性心梗和心衰後致死率很高，心梗後1～2年死亡率達59%～73%，明顯高於一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究發現，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗後仍存活2年以上。同時血液透析病人動脈粥樣硬化、心衰和左室肥厚發生率異常增高，有接近40%的病人出現缺血性心臟病或心衰。

1.2 腎移植後心血管疾病

腎移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明顯低於血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受腎移植後免除了與透析有關的血流動力學異常和毒素異常。腎移植後CVD的危險因素是多重的，既包括傳統因素如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有與GFR 下降有關的非傳統因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。

1.3 糖尿病腎病的心血管疾病

糖尿病腎病的早期主要表現為微量白蛋白尿，與心血管疾病進展有關。盡管1型糖尿病病人血壓正常，但在24h監測中發現夜間存在 「Nondipping」模式，可能導致微量白蛋白尿。「Nondipping」是已確認的心血管疾病的危險因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出現血脂異常、血糖難以控制和血壓升高。有關研究已證實微量白蛋白尿與CVD有明確關系，在兩種類型糖尿病中均存在，但由於年齡因素在2型糖尿病中更顯著。現已認為微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病預後和其他致死因素的危險指標，可通過如下觀點來解釋：（1）微量白蛋白尿個體傳統危險因素發生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映內皮功能異常、血管滲透性增加、凝血纖溶系統異常；（3）與炎症標志物有關；（4）更易出現終末器官損害。最近Prior研究認為高血壓與血管內皮功能異常有關，因此在這類病人中可能進一步加重內皮損害。但有關機制不完全清楚，目前認為可能與L-精氨酸轉運至內皮細胞受到損害有關，進而導致細胞內合成NO的基質缺乏。

1.4 非糖尿病性腎病的心血管疾病

我們主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作為慢性腎病的標志，同時認為蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因為無論是否存在糖尿病，腎病綜合征均存在與心血管疾病有關的異常改變，如嚴重高脂血症和高凝血狀態等，這就說明降低蛋白尿具有重要意義。目前我們把危險人群分為3組，已經患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作為高危人群；具有CVD傳統的易患因素如高血壓、年齡等作為中危人群；將社區人員稱為低危人群

H. 畢業論文急性心肌梗死的前言怎麼寫

論文寫作材料可分為第一手材料與第二手材料兩類。前者也稱為第一性材料或直接材料，是指親身參與調查、研討或體察到的東西，如在實驗或察看中所做的記載等，都屬於這類材料。。不會寫也沒有關系，我有範文。