英語碩士論文摘要寫法
說實話畢業論文弄好的話還是比較煩人的,准備了兩個星期也沒弄出來,題目全被否決了,老師又不給現成的題目,選題都麻煩的不得了,最後直接找VIP英語論文網的幫我的,值得慶幸的是我還好找VIP英語論文網的老師幫了忙,還輔導我熟悉了論文,還有答辯的問題,老師也沒發現有什麼問題,還是順利的通過了,嘿嘿
❷ 英語專業畢業論文摘要怎麼寫
論文摘要又稱文摘,是論文的重要組成部分,它是以提供文獻內容梗概為日版的,不加評論和補權充解釋,簡明、確切地記述文獻重要內容的短文。摘要應具有獨立性和自明性,並擁有與文獻同等量的主要信息,即不需閱讀全文,就可獲得重要的信息。摘要通常置於文題之後,文章之首。在論文發表後,論文摘要常被文獻檢索系統所收集。
摘要由目的、方法、結果和結論四部分組成。目的部分應簡要說明研究的目的,說明提出問題的緣由,表明研究的范圍及重要性;方法部分應說明研究課題的基本設計,使用了什麼材料和方法,如何分組對照,研究范圍以及精確程度,數據是如何取得的以及經過何種統計學方法處理;結果部分要列出研究的主要結果和數據,有什麼新發現,說明其價值及局限,敘述要具體、准確,並需給出結果的可信值和統計學顯著性檢驗的確切值;結論部分應簡要說明、論證取得的正確觀點極其理論價值或應用價值,是否值得推薦或推廣等。
說白了,摘要就是你文章的骨架。
告訴你一個懶人的辦法:第一句寫目的,也就是你這篇文章要解決的問題和提出這個問題的原因,然後是「本文通過……的方法,闡述了……,論證了……,得出了……。」記得摘要最好300-500字左右為宜,不宜過長。
❸ 英文論文摘要部分怎麼寫有什麼規范
(Abstract) 也成為內容提要,通常在學士論文中都必須附有摘要,其位置應放在論文的正文之前,對整個論文內容的概述.無論對專業讀者還是對非專業讀者而言,摘要都是一個非常重要的文件.
摘要如果和論文一起發表,則被稱為一次性出版物摘要,主要用於幫助讀者評價文章內容及其潛在作用,使讀者不必閱讀全文就可以了解論文的內容.除此之外,摘要也可以被單獨收入文摘機構出版的摘要期刊如:生物學文摘(Biological Abstract)、化學文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、稱為二次性出版物摘要.此類脫離論文獨立成篇的摘要主要用於方便讀者檢索文獻、收集信息,幫助研究者尋找新的研究領域.
一、 摘要的定義
摘要的英文術語:有兩個詞彙,一個是 abstract, 一個是 summary.根據美國國家標准學會(American National Standard Institute)於1971年通過並頒布的《美國國家文摘寫作標准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)規定,Abstract 不應與 summary 混同.
Abstract 對一篇論文的主要內容以精煉的文字進行高度概括,使讀者不必閱讀全文即可了解論文內容,或者讓讀者對即將閱讀的文章有思想准備,或者讓讀者判斷是否有通讀全文的必要.文中只對論文信息進行濃縮,而不加主觀評論或解釋,可以脫離原文而獨立成篇.字數通常在100~150個詞左右,更確切地說,約為原文長度的1% ~ 5%(有的雜志規定摘要平均為全文的3% ~ 5%).現在越來越多的用法是 abstract.
尤其是放在索引資料中一律要用 abstract 這個術語,在論文的題目下也通常要用這個詞.
Summary (概要) 與 abstract 無明顯差別.嚴格地說,summary 一般附在論文的後面,對論文的主要結論和成果進行再敘述.其前提是讀者已經通讀過全文,通過 summary 來鞏固論文的主要論點和成果.在某些論文中,用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是論文的"縮影",可以概括論文的全部內容,只是在刪繁就簡上下功夫,字數長短不一,少則兩三句話,多則500個單詞甚至更長.美國的一些高等學校規定,碩士論文提要(summary)以250詞左右為宜,而博士論文題要以350詞左右為宜.國際會議論文的提要一般規定為300 ~ 500 詞或 1000 個印刷符號.
至於究竟要採用什麼形式,要根據徵稿而定.
一般說來,國際學術會議論文及要求按 Summary 方式來寫摘要,而正式出版發行的刊物要修不盡一致.對於個別論文還見有前面為 Abstract, 結尾又有一個Summary , 這多半是由於文章過長,內容有多,後面的 Summary 相當於該文的縮寫.
二、 摘要的種類
摘要分為兩類,一類是說明性摘要(Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract),一類是資料性(Informative Abstract)摘要.
1. 說明性摘要 (Descriptive / Indicative Abstract)
如同邁克爾.艾利 (Michael Alley)所說,"一篇說明性摘要是段落形式的目錄,使讀者手中的一份簡要地圖."從這句話中可以清楚地了解說明性摘要的作用.說明性摘要指向讀者指出論文的主要議題是什麼,不涉及具體的研究方法和結果,但無法給讀者提供更多的詳細信息.它一般是用於綜述性文章,也用於討論、評論性文章,尤以介紹某學科近期發展動態的論文居多,常出現"… is studied"、 "…is discussed" 字樣.時態多用現在時或現在完成時.其篇幅也較短,大多在100 ~ 150 字之間.以下是一篇說明性摘要的樣例.
Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their alt forms. 由於說明性摘要僅限於陳述論文的主要論題且篇幅較小,主要用於評述性的論文.
2. 資料性摘要 (Informative Abstract)
資料性摘要的優點是比說明性摘要能提供多的多的信息,它應該盡量完整和准確地體現原文的具體內容,特別強調指出研究的方法和結果、結論等.其篇幅較長,大多在150 ~250 字之間.根據原文長度,也有多達500字的.通常,這類的摘要反映了論文的基本面貌,能夠代替閱讀論文全文.
Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their alt forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of alt forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae.
三、 如何寫摘要
1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是確定的,一般在作者工作單位的下方.如:
Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A (標題)
Xu Ying (署名) Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) (工作單位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (關鍵詞)
2. 寫作要點
(1) 長度:有專家認為150 ~ 200 個詞之間;文章長度的五分之一. 有些刊物會規定摘要的篇幅不能超過一定的字數,如:在80 ~ 100 之間,在投稿前應查詢. 若刊物沒有規定長度時,可以參閱已發表的文章長度.參加國際會議的論文摘要有字數限制,一般要求200 ~ 500 個詞之間,約1000個印刷符號.(美國化學文獻、醫學文獻的論文摘要規定在200個詞以內)
(2) 不要重復論文中的句子.
(3) 避免列舉大堆數據
(4) 一般只是一個段落,不要將其分為數段.
(5) 不要使用祈使句、感嘆句、公式、表格等.
(6) 完成論文後在寫摘要.
(7) 一般使用第三人稱或被動語態.
(8) 語言需簡明扼要.
下面請看一段論文摘要:
This paper deals with the English syllabus for graate students in China. The paper first reviews the history of the graate English teaching, then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its revision.
(本回答由學術堂整理提供)
❹ 碩士畢業論文摘要英文翻譯(急急急)
Current electrovalence of our country has adopted the fixed price method taking cost as basis , electrovalence system has included unitary system such as making with two system and leading adjustment , the peak valley electrovalence strenuously , the main body of a book has been studied by the fact that the method forming mechanism , fixed price to current electrovalence draws with electrovalence system carding , has discussed the motivation on the economy adopting current electrovalence policy with effect , has taken that 09 Xu Zhou area year electric power consumes condition as example and, The metastasis going deep into the pattern having studied current mistake unites fixed price having led to being unlike instry , being unlike area and so on compensates effect and achievement an effect. The metastasis studying content makes the electrovalence and the difference electrovalence mainly including two compensates an effect. That research method is one, is that general welfare comes to estimate that the metastasis compensates achievement an effect by analysing consumer surplus , procer surplus and society , two is to take the average electrovalence that current electric power sells as criterion electrovalence , analyses the consumer electric charge differences of all kinds to criterion electrovalence. The proportion studying result indicates an electrovalence , liang of headquarter makes if reasonableness ascertains fundamental electric charge and electricity degree electric charge, can raise the surplus providing power consumption both sides , improves general welfare of society and efficiency. The consumption coefficient of elasticity is different to the difference electrovalence , every instry , every region electric power because of power consumption , adopt the different electrovalence, not bad bigger limit's the electric power consumption promoting every instry , every region consumer, can raise the surplus providing power consumption both sides , improves the public welfare and efficiency thereby. But be unable to return back reasonableness completely at present, with economic growth , the economic pattern adjustment if two proportion , electrovalence differences being unlike instry making the middle fundamental electrovalence electrovalence and the electricity degree electrovalence are horizontal, our country electrovalence structure has very big improvement space. The data calculation should consume a coefficient of elasticity with every instry electric power and counting concretely is ascertained. Adjusting architectural ultimate electrovalence purpose is a potentiation , improves welfare, the main body of a book has been proced suggestion.
❺ 論文英文摘要怎麼寫
Abstract
in the economic integration across the world in twenty-first Century, the market competition is no longer the single enterprise's competition, but the alliance between the competition, is the competition between supply chains. In the first, the second profit source to obtain cost rece the increasingly small space today, more and more enterprises begin to put the third source of profit, logistics cost, as the enterprise management activity important fields, turn their eyes to the integrated logistics cost rection. Therefore, clearly under the environment of supply chain logistics cost and control target is necessary.
With the development of the supply chain management as a starting point, to the whole supply chain as the research object, introces the supply chain management and logistics cost, and the analysis of enterprise logistics cost composition and the control way, and in the light of our country high logistics cost of this one current situation, discussed enterprise under the condition of Supply Chain Based on inventory, transportation cost, management cost and other aspects of the control, thus effectively recing the logistics cost method and way.
Key words: supply chain; supply chain management; logistics cost; cost; cost control
❻ 碩士論文摘要英語翻譯需要注意什麼
撰寫摘復要時注意事項:
1.不應簡制單重復論文題目中已有的信息,比如摘要的第一句與題目重復。
2.摘要應採用第三人稱,不用「本文(this paper)」或「作者(the author(s))」作為主語,一般也不用「本文中(in this paper)」作定語或狀語。
3.摘要應集中反映本文作者所做的工作、獲得的成果和作者的觀點,不應出現本學科領域已成為常識性的內容,不應對論文進行自我評價。
4.英文摘要時態:通常用一般過去時描述所做的工作,用一般現在時敘述所得的結果和結論。
❼ 怎樣寫好英語論文摘要
有道進行例句翻譯,就靠譜多了
❽ 英語畢業論文的摘要和引言怎麼寫
從網上吵啊
❾ 英語論文摘要應該如何寫
英語論文摘要又稱文摘,是論文的重要組成部分,它是以提供文獻內容梗概為日的,不加評論和補充解釋,簡明、確切地記述文獻重要內容的短文。摘要應具有獨立性和自明性,並擁有與文獻同等量的主要信息,即不需閱讀全文,就可獲得重要的信息。摘要通常置於文題之後,文章之首。在論文發表後,論文摘要常被文獻檢索系統所收集。英語論文摘要一般為200-300單詞,並有與英文摘要表達觀點一致的中文摘要與之對應。具體的格式結構要點你可以來中國鳴網學術站看看。